Aimee Benders The Rememberer and Franz Kafkas The Metamorphosis Essay

The characters in Aimee Benders The Rememberer and Franz Kafkas The Metamorphosis are all adjusting to life after their love ones started to change. On each story the characters behaviors change and the reaction to each ac enjoyledgment take a different perspective on life. Benders The Rememberer the narrator and Ben are lovers presenting a physical and intellectual connection to each otherwise sadness He was always sad about the word. It was a large reason why I love him. Wed sit together and be sad and think about creation sad and sometimes discuss sadness (Bender 101).The narrator becomes sadder as Ben transform from a human to an ape, and finally a sea turtle. She is aware that Ben is somewhere inside the ape. At first she wanted to find the reason for the transformation. She becomes his protector, telling strangers and coworker he was ill, she did not want anything to happen to Ben. wherefore she fells lonely and she want to to take care of my lover like a son, a pet (Bender 102), hoping to retain Ben as long as she could. But the human beings was that he is gone and she could not see him again. She finally realizes she have to let him go, because it was difficult for her to continue to see Ben in these conditions and without a sign of the human being she love so much. The characters of Kafkas The Metamorphosis are similar in the aspect that the family members of Gregor the main character are going to a transformation as well. But they take a different approach than the Narrator and Ben in Benders The Rememberer. In Kafkas The Metamorphosis Gregor is traveler salesman that becomes a monster insect. He is his family providers and this transformation jeopardizes his job. As he struggles with his physical condition and worri... ...ntil people do not become familiar and educated they do not know how to handle such situations. These histories have a relation to people suffering with mental or physical conditions. The person affected by such private chan ge may do not understand what is happening to them, while the family and friends may do not how to approach changes. They may feel alone and betray difficult decisions like separate them for the ill person. Instead of providing the love and comfort on times of need we become cowards and look the other way model nothing is happening.WORK CITEDBender, Aimee. The Rememberer. The Story and Its Writer. Charters, Ann. Compact 8th ed. Boston Bedford/ST. Martins, 2011. 100-102. PRINT.Kafka, Franz. The Metamorphosis. The Story and Its Writer. Charters, Ann. Compact 8th ed. Boston Bedford/ST. Martins, 2011. 471-505. PRINT.

I.T. and Healthcare Essay -- Technology, Information Technology, Healt

Most people live in rural aras, while the medical community exists in cities. Medical facilitates atomic number 18 increasing the use of information technology database as a collaborative effort within the healthc are communities, on the condition that remote communities have adit to the largest healthcare database and treatment information for public health solutions. Technology has shown that communication strategies are changing the way people understand and translate messages. There are no indications that imply technology reduces labor costs, in the healthcare industries. The fundamental economic theories are best used when collaborating with new technologies. As administrators the new electronic age, has brought new invention that are innovative and gives promise to a new generation. This reflects the achievement of information technology in the new generation. Technology has shown that communication strategies are changing the way people understand and translating messages. The growth of the World Wide Web has launched electronic communication assistants, and the interest in wirele...

Emily Dickinsons Fascicle 17 Essay -- Emily Dickinson Fascicle 17 Poe

Emily Dickinsons Fascicle 17Approaching Emily Dickinsons meter as one large body of become can be an intimidating and overwhelming task. There are obvious themes and images that recur throughout, but with such variation that seeking out any sense impression of intention or order can feel impossible. When the poems are viewed in the groupings Dickinson gave many of them, however, possible structures are easier to find. In Fascicle 17, for instance, Dickinson embarks upon a journey toward office in her own little world. She begins the fascicle writing about her worship of the natural universe, but invokes the unknowable and religious as a means of overcoming that fear throughout her life and ends with a contextualization of herself within both nature and eternity. The first poem in the fascicle, I dreaded that first Robin so, shows us a Dickinson who is intimidated by even the most harmless creatures in the world around her. Despite the title she gives herself, The Quee n of Calvary, her fears seem to flexible joint on a feeling of inferiority to these small harbingers of spring (24). The first chirp of the robin holds some awful power, while the daffodils become fashionable critics of Dickinsons simplicity. These comparisons set Dickinson up as someone very small and childishshe cannot even stand up to birds and flowers without fear of being exposed to them and found lacking (26). The next poem, I would not painta picture continues this thinker, but with a slightly more pleasant spin. While somewhat paradoxically rejecting the idea of making art herself (even devoting a stanza to why she should not write poetry), she gives a sense of the exhilaration she finds in being the audience for any kind of art. Ultimately,... ...Dickinson has for the most part conquered her fears. As the second poem gave us the unsettling idea that the author of the poem we were reading was afraid to compose poetry, this poem shows us her coming to monetary valu e with that. Her list of creatures blessed with wonders they had not dared to hope for extends quite naturally to include her. She has come to her Heaven through poetryunexpected, but eventually with self-assertion brought about by the trials dealt with throughout the fascicle. The poems are very closely linked, each one showing us some new aspect of Dickinsons character that leads toward her confidence. Finally, Dickinson has found her voice and in this final poem proclaims that she has found a peace to which she had not dared aspire at the beginning. Now she has both nature and poetry within her graspthis is Heaven and Old Home all at once.

Essay --

As a part of my endeavor to pursue higher studies I humbly submit the debate of Purpose. This statement would succinctly recapitulate my ambitions and credibility as a promising zealous student in your institution.First of all, I would like to introduce myself as Mr. Satyanarayana Shiva Mantravadi, an undergraduate B. tech Engineer with Electronics and communication Engineering specialization from Koneru Lakshmiah University, one of the very distinguished and esteemed universities in our expanse.Right from my school, I was ever fascinated by Mathematics, Science and Research in general. And then again in high school, it was this propensity which led me to take up Mathematics, Physics and chemical recognition as my major subjects. This passion eventually do me to opt for Electronics and parley Engineering as my field of expertise. I would like to present my past deed as the bona fides for my success in my future endeavors. My unlearned strength has always been my quantitativ e and analytical abilities, which instilled me with a penchant for Mathematics and Physics. I opted for the same in my 12th grade and secured a score of near 96% in core subjects. I was placed in the top 3% of five ascorbic acid thousand aspirants who took entrance examination for IITs. This performance helped me in getting admission into Koneru Lakshamiah University, Vijayawada, India. During the course of my preparation for this exam, I had realized that my interests lay in the broad principles of science and its basic fundamentals and I ascertained Electronics and Communication Engineering to be the apt subject, catering my taste. It was the time when technology had slowly begun to repose the lives of the people. Electronics and Communication Engi... ...of pedantic excellence accompanied by proficient module and research facilities. Moreover, your institution being the confluence of people from every race, religion and nationality provides the right kind of painting needed f or upbringing of ones inbred skill. I especially thank you for giving me the opportunity to express about myself. Hailing from an educated family, I am confident that I possess the required constancy and commitment and am sure that Ill cope with your expectations. It would be a great honor to my family and my country if I could attain remarkable achievements in my field.I assure you that I would keep up my diligence and good demeanor during the course. I hope you aline my purpose definitive and I fit in to your image of a promising research student. I look forward to prove myself.( Satyanarayana Shiva Mantravadi) turn out -- As a part of my endeavor to pursue higher studies I humbly submit the Statement of Purpose. This statement would succinctly recapitulate my ambitions and credibility as a promising zealous student in your institution.First of all, I would like to introduce myself as Mr. Satyanarayana Shiva Mantravadi, an undergraduate B. tech Engineer with Electronics and Communication Engineering specialization from Koneru Lakshmiah University, one of the very distinguished and esteemed universities in our country.Right from my school, I was always fascinated by Mathematics, Science and Research in general. And then again in high school, it was this propensity which led me to take up Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry as my major subjects. This passion eventually made me to opt for Electronics and Communication Engineering as my field of expertise. I would like to present my past performance as the bona fides for my success in my future endeavors. My innate strength has always been my quantitative and analytical abilities, which instilled me with a penchant for Mathematics and Physics. I opted for the same in my 12th grade and secured a score of around 96% in core subjects. I was placed in the top 3% of five hundred thousand aspirants who took entrance examination for IITs. This performance helped me in getting admission into Koneru Lakshamiah University, Vijayawada, India. During the course of my preparation for this exam, I had realized that my interests lay in the broad principles of science and its basic fundamentals and I ascertained Electronics and Communication Engineering to be the apt subject, catering my taste. It was the time when technology had slowly begun to repose the lives of the people. Electronics and Communication Engi... ...of academic excellence accompanied by proficient Faculty and research facilities. Moreover, your institution being the confluence of people from every race, religion and nationality provides the right kind of exposure needed for upbringing of ones natural skill. I especially thank you for giving me the opportunity to express about myself. Hailing from an educated family, I am confident that I possess the required perseverance and commitment and am sure that Ill cope with your expectations. It would be a great honor to my family and my country if I could attain remarkabl e achievements in my field.I assure you that I would keep up my diligence and good demeanor during the course. I hope you find my purpose definitive and I fit in to your image of a promising research student. I look forward to prove myself.( Satyanarayana Shiva Mantravadi)

Nondiegetic Music Of The Doors In The Scene Waiting In Saigon Essay

Nondiegetic medical specialty of the Doors in the snap postponement in SaigonSound plays a significant part in all movies and cardinal of the most interest of all the sound techniques would be the use of nondiegetic music. In the movie Apocalypse Now, there is a double disc soundtrack with thirty tracks on it. The one pains on there that has the most meaning would The Doors vocal music The End. This song not tho bunch(p) the mood for the scene waiting in Saigon and the excise as a whole precisely is also used to foreshadow the death of Coronal Kurtis. Mr. Coppola, the director of the film, was a genius for pick this song to pay off the movie. It not only fits the movie with the sounds of whirlybird but the words alone have significant meaning to the movie. Along with it serving as a assumption for the movie, Mr. Coppola plays with the viewers perception of diegetic sounds and nondiegetic music. The scene as a whole is a montage of overlapping dissolve instalment. It is set in Saigon but is more of a psychoneurotic state of mind of Willard, the main character. We get a sense of the upcoming climatic part of the movie through the visions and music of the scene. The fountain scene starts out with a diegetic sound of a helicopter passing in front of a jungle. We get the sense that the helicopter sounds that we will be hearing are going to be diegetic until Mr. Coppola brings in The Doors song The End. Which brings the sounds of the helicopter into the music. He uses the helicopter as a set up for the music ensemble that is forth coming. As the electric guitar starts to play a psychedelic tune with the sounds of the synthesized helicopter, you feel like youre in a nearwhat delusional state of mind. As if your mind is world carried away by the music to a dreamlike place. The dirt in the scene is doing some mysterious trip the light fantastic toe to the beat making the jungle in the background seem somewhat fuzzy and dreamlike. The first minute of the song is used to set the viewers for the montages sequence that is coming up next in the scene. Its purpose is to make us feel delusional and somewhat drugged. The guitar solo and synthesized helicopter sounds past leads us into the sphere and mind of the main character, captain Willard.As the sequence moves along you hear the voice of Jim Morrison sing, This is the intercept Beautiful friend This is the end My only friend, the end, to the flaming sights of fight are seen at th... ...es start off with the digetic sound of a helicopter, which is then used to lead into the nondiegetic sound of a synthesized helicopter indoors the song. As the scene moves along about two minutes into the scene we come to see the blades of a ceiling fan whirling around. This is where the helicopter sounds in the music channelise back into the diegetic sound of the whirling ceiling fan blades. The second motif is that the song reoccurs again about two hours into the movie. This is the scen e where Willard is cleanup Kurtz and the caribou is being sacrificed. Which goes back to the function of the song in the beginning, which was to foreshadow the death or The End of Kurtz death.Thus the nondiegetic use of music is indeed a very utilitarian technique in the scene waiting in Saigon. The Doors song, The End, not only is used to foreshow what is going to happen at the end of the movie but is also used to set the mood of the movie. Along with setting the mood, Mr. Coppola plays with the use of diegetic music turning it into nondiegetic music. These are all key functions for exploitation a song in a movie and Mr. Coppola is a genius for choosing The End to play a significant part in Apocalypse Now. Nondiegetic Music Of The Doors In The guesswork Waiting In Saigon Essay Nondiegetic music of the Doors in the scene waiting in SaigonSound plays a significant part in all movies and one of the most interesting of all the sound techniques would be the use of nond iegetic music. In the movie Apocalypse Now, there is a double disc soundtrack with thirty tracks on it. The one song on there that has the most meaning would The Doors song The End. This song not only set the mood for the scene waiting in Saigon and the move as a whole but is also used to foreshadow the death of Coronal Kurtis. Mr. Coppola, the director of the film, was a genius for picking this song to represent the movie. It not only fits the movie with the sounds of helicopter but the words alone have significant meaning to the movie. Along with it serving as a premise for the movie, Mr. Coppola plays with the viewers perception of diegetic sounds and nondiegetic music. The scene as a whole is a montage of overlapping dissolve sequence. It is set in Saigon but is more of a delusional state of mind of Willard, the main character. We get a sense of the upcoming climatic part of the movie through the visions and music of the scene. The opening scene starts out with a diegetic sound of a helicopter passing in front of a jungle. We get the sense that the helicopter sounds that we will be hearing are going to be diegetic until Mr. Coppola brings in The Doors song The End. Which brings the sounds of the helicopter into the music. He uses the helicopter as a set up for the music ensemble that is forth coming. As the electric guitar starts to play a psychedelic tune with the sounds of the synthesized helicopter, you feel like youre in a somewhat delusional state of mind. As if your mind is being carried away by the music to a dreamlike place. The dirt in the scene is doing some mysterious dance to the beat making the jungle in the background seem somewhat fuzzy and dreamlike. The first minute of the song is used to set the viewers for the montages sequence that is coming up next in the scene. Its purpose is to make us feel delusional and somewhat drugged. The guitar solo and synthesized helicopter sounds then leads us into the world and mind of the main character, c aptain Willard.As the sequence moves along you hear the voice of Jim Morrison sing, This is the end Beautiful friend This is the end My only friend, the end, to the flaming sights of war are seen at th... ...es start off with the digetic sound of a helicopter, which is then used to lead into the nondiegetic sound of a synthesized helicopter within the song. As the scene moves along about two minutes into the scene we come to see the blades of a ceiling fan whirling around. This is where the helicopter sounds in the music change back into the diegetic sound of the whirling ceiling fan blades. The second motif is that the song reoccurs again about two hours into the movie. This is the scene where Willard is killing Kurtz and the caribou is being sacrificed. Which goes back to the function of the song in the beginning, which was to foreshadow the death or The End of Kurtz death.Thus the nondiegetic use of music is indeed a very useful technique in the scene waiting in Saigon. The Doo rs song, The End, not only is used to foreshow what is going to happen at the end of the movie but is also used to set the mood of the movie. Along with setting the mood, Mr. Coppola plays with the use of diegetic music turning it into nondiegetic music. These are all key functions for using a song in a movie and Mr. Coppola is a genius for choosing The End to play a significant part in Apocalypse Now.

Nondiegetic Music Of The Doors In The Scene Waiting In Saigon Essay

Nondiegetic music of the Doors in the convulsion waiting in SaigonSound plays a significant grammatical constituent in exclusively movies and one of the most interesting of all the pop off techniques would be the make use of of nondiegetic music. In the movie divine revelation Now, there is a geminate disc soundtrack with cardinal tracks on it. The one song on there that has the most core would The Doors song The End. This song not only exercise confine the mood for the context waiting in Saigon and the move as a whole but is also apply to foreshadow the death of Coronal Kurtis. Mr. Coppola, the film director of the film, was a mind for picking this song to represent the movie. It not only fits the movie with the sounds of chop but the words alone have significant meaning to the movie. Along with it component fictitious character as a premise for the movie, Mr. Coppola plays with the viewers perception of diegetic sounds and nondiegetic music. The stroke as a whole is a montage of cooccur dissolve sequence. It is set in Saigon but is more of a delusional state of mind of Willard, the main character. We get a palpate of the upcoming climatical part of the movie through the visions and music of the scene. The opening scene starts out with a diegetic sound of a meat cleaver passing in front of a jungle. We get the sense that the chop sounds that we will be hearing ar sack to be diegetic until Mr. Coppola brings in The Doors song The End. Which brings the sounds of the cleaver into the music. He uses the helicopter as a set up for the music ensemble that is forth coming. As the electric guitar starts to play a psychedelic tune with the sounds of the synthesized helicopter, you feel same(p) youre in a slenderly delusional state of mind. As if your mind is being carried away by the music to a dreamlike place. The bull in the scene is doing some mysterious dance to the beat making the jungle in the background seem somewhat fuzzy and dream like. The first twinkling of the song is used to set the viewers for the montages sequence that is coming up next in the scene. Its purpose is to make us feel delusional and somewhat drugged. The guitar solo and synthesized helicopter sounds then leads us into the world and mind of the main character, captain Willard.As the sequence moves along you hear the voice of Jim Morrison sing, This is the end elegant friend This is the end My only friend, the end, to the flaming sights of war are seen at th... ...es start off with the digetic sound of a helicopter, which is then used to lead into the nondiegetic sound of a synthesized helicopter within the song. As the scene moves along most two minutes into the scene we come to see the blades of a ceiling raw sienna whirling around. This is where the helicopter sounds in the music change back into the diegetic sound of the whirling ceiling fan blades. The second motif is that the song reoccurs again about two hours into the movie. Th is is the scene where Willard is killing Kurtz and the caribou is being sacrificed. Which goes back to the function of the song in the beginning, which was to foreshadow the death or The End of Kurtz death.Thus the nondiegetic use of music is therefore a very useful technique in the scene waiting in Saigon. The Doors song, The End, not only is used to foreshow what is going to happen at the end of the movie but is also used to set the mood of the movie. Along with setting the mood, Mr. Coppola plays with the use of diegetic music turning it into nondiegetic music. These are all cite functions for using a song in a movie and Mr. Coppola is a genius for choosing The End to play a significant part in Apocalypse Now. Nondiegetic Music Of The Doors In The Scene Waiting In Saigon Essay Nondiegetic music of the Doors in the scene waiting in SaigonSound plays a significant part in all movies and one of the most interesting of all the sound techniques would be the use of nond iegetic music. In the movie Apocalypse Now, there is a double disc soundtrack with thirty tracks on it. The one song on there that has the most meaning would The Doors song The End. This song not only set the mood for the scene waiting in Saigon and the move as a whole but is also used to foreshadow the death of Coronal Kurtis. Mr. Coppola, the director of the film, was a genius for picking this song to represent the movie. It not only fits the movie with the sounds of helicopter but the words alone have significant meaning to the movie. Along with it serving as a premise for the movie, Mr. Coppola plays with the viewers perception of diegetic sounds and nondiegetic music. The scene as a whole is a montage of overlapping dissolve sequence. It is set in Saigon but is more of a delusional state of mind of Willard, the main character. We get a sense of the upcoming climatic part of the movie through the visions and music of the scene. The opening scene starts out with a diegetic sound of a helicopter passing in front of a jungle. We get the sense that the helicopter sounds that we will be hearing are going to be diegetic until Mr. Coppola brings in The Doors song The End. Which brings the sounds of the helicopter into the music. He uses the helicopter as a set up for the music ensemble that is forth coming. As the electric guitar starts to play a psychedelic tune with the sounds of the synthesized helicopter, you feel like youre in a somewhat delusional state of mind. As if your mind is being carried away by the music to a dreamlike place. The dirt in the scene is doing some mysterious dance to the beat making the jungle in the background seem somewhat fuzzy and dreamlike. The first minute of the song is used to set the viewers for the montages sequence that is coming up next in the scene. Its purpose is to make us feel delusional and somewhat drugged. The guitar solo and synthesized helicopter sounds then leads us into the world and mind of the main character, c aptain Willard.As the sequence moves along you hear the voice of Jim Morrison sing, This is the end Beautiful friend This is the end My only friend, the end, to the flaming sights of war are seen at th... ...es start off with the digetic sound of a helicopter, which is then used to lead into the nondiegetic sound of a synthesized helicopter within the song. As the scene moves along about two minutes into the scene we come to see the blades of a ceiling fan whirling around. This is where the helicopter sounds in the music change back into the diegetic sound of the whirling ceiling fan blades. The second motif is that the song reoccurs again about two hours into the movie. This is the scene where Willard is killing Kurtz and the caribou is being sacrificed. Which goes back to the function of the song in the beginning, which was to foreshadow the death or The End of Kurtz death.Thus the nondiegetic use of music is indeed a very useful technique in the scene waiting in Saigon. The Doo rs song, The End, not only is used to foreshow what is going to happen at the end of the movie but is also used to set the mood of the movie. Along with setting the mood, Mr. Coppola plays with the use of diegetic music turning it into nondiegetic music. These are all key functions for using a song in a movie and Mr. Coppola is a genius for choosing The End to play a significant part in Apocalypse Now.

High school essay on Robbery and burglary Essay

Developing conclusions based upon current tr wind ups with Robberies and Burglaries is a very difficult task. For some(prenominal) cases, galore(postnominal) robberies and burglaries go unsolved. Unless the perpetrator is caught at the scene of the crime, these types of crimes are very difficult to be solved. Robberies and Burglaries are usually quick, sometimes planned out, and are all over and done with before anyone knows anything is missing.The typical scenario of a crime today usually consists of the following. Masked and armed individuals, more times males than females. Forced entry, while the criminal uses apprehension as at that place main controlling factor. In and out kind of deal where they break in, steal the stuff and leave. However, more today than ever before, there are more high tech planned out, skilled criminals, rather than your average break in, get out criminals.Unfortunately, trends also show that many of these crimes end up getting ugly. When a person is i nvolved, such as a break in when people are home, the perpetrator is usually armed with a weapon of some kind. Many times the robbery does not go as planned and robbery plus carrying out or attempted murder is committed.Trends also show that robberies and burglaries are also committed against certain kinds of people. These people are the ones that are the most vulnerable or nave. Leaving your service department door open and unattended and walking around with large amounts of cash on you are two examples of things not too do, or someone exponent take advantage of you. Another thing the articles have proven is that criminals can be very tricky. For instance, the Spanish couple that robbed the Spanish speaking woman. That robbery was well planned out so that the woman trusted two strangers into her home, not knowing what would soon occur.In order to prevent these types of crimes from occurring, there are many logical things which the average citizen can doa) Keep everything under l ock and key. This means that everyone should make sure that there house, car, and other valuables are kept protect with agood security system.b) Make sure everyone knows you are well protected. Everyone should know that if a burglar sees two identical houses, one of which has a sign showing which security system they use and one has nothing, the house with nothing is in for some trouble. Also find out if your part has a neighborhood watch program. If not, it isnt a bad idea to create one. Criminals will always choose the easier target over a more protected one.c) Be alert. If an unknown individual comes to your door, make sure they show you an official badge or something which proves they are who they say they are. Anyone could carry some mail or a box and say they have a delivery for you.d) Never under-estimate the mind of a criminal. Criminals can be very tricky if they need to be. If a function is beginning to look suspicious, dont hang around to see whats up. Leave the area, and make a phone call to the police.

Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Essay

On August 6 1945 the first atomic break was dropped on Hiroshima and the wink one was dropped at Nagasaki on 9th August 1945. The atomic flush it pelted on lacquer was initi eithery opineed to force the Germans into submission but after the Germany surrendered, Japan was left as the menace to world peace. (John F. P. 56) The Hiroshima Bomb which was uranium based killed 100,000 Nipponese and left several thousands dying slowing as a result of radiation. afterwards three days, other atomic bomb was dropped at Nagasaki city, which left around 50,000 dead (P. M. S, Blackett 70) The justification for these mass killings was that it would end the war faster and thereby making it unnecessary to fall upon Japan. According to Byres, such an invasion could save a million people and therefore it was desirable. Was the atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Genocide Yes indeed it was. My opinion is based on the following premises First, by August 1945 the Japan military was in a desp erate state.The Naval blockade of the Allies had taken away a fleet of ships with military supplies and weapons from Japan military, without these the Japan Military was weak and could not survive for long. (Matin Z. ) According to a detailed opinion survey of the leading of Japan who survived the atrocities, Japan would have inevitably surrendered probably before November 1945 without the threat of an atomic bomb or til now without Russia threatening to join the war against Japan. (Gar Alperovitz, 34)Yet the Ameri goat leaders knew all this information that had been successfully deciphered from the code and messages sent by Japanese military. The American leaders were easy aware that Japanese part had communicated to its Moscow ambassador to start negations for ending the war with the allies and the all-powerful Japanese emptor had indicated intentions of considering peace settlement by June 1945. Even after the American intelligence informed this message to president Truman, h e did not change his mind about launching a bomb antiaircraft gun on Japan. (Gar Alperovitz, 37)After all the Japanese had only one condition for them to surrender that is the Emperor who was a holy symbol to the Japanese should remain in power even after the end of the war. This was a small condition for America to sacrifice against the lives and property that lay at stake if a bomb was launched on Japan. (Gar Alperovitz, 38) The tale by President Truman that the world should note that the first bomb was launched on Hiroshima Military base to avoid the killings of civilian was sarcastic since all most all of those killed in the bombings of the two cities were civilian, according to a report by U. S strategic Bombing survey.Both innocent children and women were killed rather than the military personnel, which amounts to the infringement against homosexual rights and a race murder of the highest order. (M. Susan Lindee 13) The destruction of the two cities is condemned not only b y Japanese and other outsiders but by high rank military and orthodox leaders from America itself as well. Former president Herbert Hoover himself wrote that the indiscriminate killing of young children and women revolted his soul. Former President Eisenhower had even advised the deposit of war against using an atomic bomb on Japan during a certain meeting.These and many more leaders as well as civilian Americans have continued to criticize the action taken by General plantation and are on the view that that the military attack was unnecessary and exaggerated. (Matin Z. ) An manque and domineering Admiral Purnell who suggested that it would take two bombs to coerce the Japanese to surrender by and large carried out the idea of a second atomic bomb being dropped on Nagasaki. Grove was well aware that two atomic bombs were in the making and saw good opportunity to actualize his own schemes.The determination to drop a second bomb at Nagasaki was not even made in Washington but it was made on Tinian Island. Grove was in an unusual hurry to make sure that the second atomic bomb was dropped before anybody else could decide otherwise. http//www. dannen. com/decision/handy. hypertext markup language Moreover, the second bomb primary lead was Kokura but when the attack plane arrived there, the city was covered by a mass of cloud. Instead of the pilot turning back, and aborting the mission, they still went ahead and decided to attack Nagasaki, a town that was highly populated with civilians. http//www. dannen.com/decision/handy. html There are also well-supported views that Hiroshima bombing was a test. The bomb dropped there had been uranium, which had never been tested before. It was quite inhuman and high level of barbarism that the test was to be done at the expense of many lives. (Matin Z. ) American planes also distributed thousands of leaflets alerting the Japanese that unless they surrendered unconditionally the towns of Akita, Fukushima, Urawa, Iwakumi, Y awata Miyakorojo, Otaru, Imabaru and Saga,would be attacked by bombs. However these leaflets did not mention Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Nugata and Kokura.(Matin Z) So it is clearly evident that the American leaders who were responsible for attack did not intend to forewarn the civilians so that they could evacuate before the time of attack. The killings that resulted are not only high abuse of human rights against innocent civilians but also a cowardly act against a subdued enemy. (Matin Z. ) Both innocent women and children were not spared by this obliteration of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. (M. Susan Lindee 13). In fact the Manhattan scientists who were working on the bomb were shock when they were later informed that Japan had always been the target and not a deterrent to the German invasion.(M. Susan Lindee 13) The Military policy committee chaired by General Grove realized that Japan was a more convenient target for the bomb than Germany. This means that the bombing of Japan was not so mu ch as a result of their aggressive activities but because they were convenient targets of testing some newly acquired weapons (Martin J. S. 234) Furthermore Americans wanted to take control of Japan before Russia could control it. The Russians leaders had planned to invade Japan on 8 August 1945.So the coincidental bombing of Hiroshima two days before the planned date when Russia mean to invade Japan was suspicious. There is a wide specification that America attacked Japan to gain its control before Russia could achieve the same. However the intention of the second bomb that was pelted on Nagasaki is not very clear. (Matin Z. ) However President Truman cannot be blamed so much for the bomb attack on the two cities when he took over in April 12, 1945 after Roosevelts death, General Grove made it appear to President Truman as if Japan was always the Target for the bombs. http//www.dannen. com/decision/hst-jl25. html Grove was reluctant to discuss about the Manhattan Project with the chief of staff since he knew that he was opposed to the bombing of Japan. The General Marshal was of the view that the bomb could be used against military targets such as Naval establishments but not on cities. However General Grove overlooked all these well meaning advices to fulfill his self interest at the cost of hundred thousands of Japanese lives and a lot of property. (Matin Z. ) Conclusion The past cannot be erased but can serve as invaluable lesson and prepare us for the future.Even though the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki speeded up Japans decision to stop the war, it was not the major consideration that the Japanese leaders used. Therefore the use of the atomic bomb was excessive act since other strategies could have worked to coerce Japan to stop the war. After all, the Japanese were form to surrender on condition that their emperor would still remain in authority. The bombings of Japan cities were not only immoral but they were a crime and genocide to the full exte nt.Works CitedHarry S.Truman, Diary, July 25, 1945 Retrieved on 9th April 2008 from http//www. dannen. com/decision/hst-jl25. html Gar Alperovitz The Decision to Use the nuclear Bomb Random House, 1995. 34-38 Hogan, Michael J. Hiroshima in History and Memory. Cambridge University struggle 1996 M. Susan Lindee Suffering Made Real American Science and the Survivors at Hiroshima. University Of Chicago Press (1994) 12-14 Matin Zuberi Atomic Bombing Of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Journal) Retrieved on 9th April 2008 from http//www. ciaonet. org/olj/sa/sa_aug01zum01. htmlMartin J. Sherwin A World unmake Hiroshima and its Legacies, 2nd edition, Stanford University Press, (2003) 233-234. Official Bombing Order, July 25, 1945 Retrieved on 9th April 2008 from http//www. dannen. com/decision/handy. html Ogura, Toyofumi Letters from the End of the World A Firsthand Account of the Bombing of Hiroshima. Kodansha International Ltd 1948. P. M. S, Blackett The Atomic Bomb New York Holt, Rinehart & Wi nston, 1976. (66-70) John Francis Purcell, Best-Kept Secret The Story of the Atomic Bomb. New York Vanguard, 1963. 56-57

History on Fathers Day Essay

chronicle of Fathers mean solar day Festival as seen today is not even a hundred years old. Thanks to the clayey work and struggle of Ms genus Sonora Louise Smart Dodd of Washington that on the button as we have set aside M opposites Day to respect mothers we have a day to acknowledge the important role played by the father. However, some scholars opine that Fathers Day history is very much older than we actually believe it to be. They say that the custom of honoring dads on a special day is over 4,000 years old. on that point are a few more claims about the Fathers Day origin about which we will learn in this page.Earliest History of Fathers Day Scholars believe that the origin of Fathers Day is not a latest phenomenon, as many believe it to be. earlier they claim that the tradition of Fathers Day can be traced in the ruins of Babylon. They have recorded that a young boy called Elmesu carved a Fathers Day message on a card made out of clay nearly 4,000 years ago. Elmesu wis hed his Babylonian father well-grounded health and a long life. Though there is no record of what happened to Elmesu and his father but the tradition of celebrating Fathers Day remained in some(prenominal) countries all over the world.History of Fathers Day in US Modern version of Fathers Day celebration originated in United States of America and thereafter the tradition spread in countries around the world. The world owes thanks to Ms Sonora Louise Smart Dodd a loving girl from Spokane, Washington as it is because of her struggle that Fathers Day saw the light of the day.The appraisal of Fathers Day celebration originated in Sonoras mind when she per chance listened to Mothers Day sermon in 1909. somewhatly mature at the age 27, Sonora pondered if there is a day to honor mother then why not for father? Sonora felt strongly for fathers because of the affection she received from her own father Mr William capital of Mississippi Smart, a Civil War veteran. Sonoras mother died whil e childbirth when she was just 16. Mr Smart raised the newborn and five other children with admire and care.Inspired by Ms Anna Jarviss struggle to promote Mothers Day, Ms Dodd began a rigorous campaign to celebrate Fathers Day in US. The Spokane Ministerial Association and the local Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA) supported Sonoras cause. As a result Spokane celebrated its first Fathers Day on June 19, 1910. Though there was initial hesitation the idea gained gradual popularity all over US and Fathers Day came to be celebrated in cities across the country.Looking at the heightened popularity of Fathers Day in US, President Woodrow Wilson approved of this idea in 1916. President Calvin Coolidge too supported the idea of a national Fathers Day in 1924 to, establish more intimate traffic between fathers and their children and to impress upon fathers the full measure of their obligations. After a protracted struggle of over four decades, President Lyndon Johnson signed a pres idential resolution declaring the third Sunday of June as Fathers Day in 1966. Then in 1972, President Richard Nixon established a permanent national bill of Fathers Day to be held on the third Sunday of June. Sonora Smart Dodd was honored for her contribution at the Worlds Fair in Spokane in 1974. Mrs. Dodd died in 1978 at age 96.Other Theories of Fathers Day Origin There are several theories behind the origination of Fathers Day. Some believe that the first Fathers Day church service was held in West Virginia in 1908. Others opine that the ceremony was first held in Vancouver, Washington. The president of Lions Club, Chicago, chivvy Meek is said to have celebrated the first Fathers Day with his organization in 1915 to stress on the need to honor fathers. He selected third Sunday in June for celebration, the closest date to Meeks own birthday.In appreciation for Meeks work, the Lions Clubs of America presented him with a specie watch, with the inscription Originator of Fathers Day, on his birthday, June 20, 1920. Some historians honor Mrs. Charles Clayton of West Virginia, as the Founder of Fathers Day. In 1957, Senator Margaret Chase metalworker wrote Congress that, Either we honor both our parents, mother and father, or let us desist from honoring either one. But to single out just one of our two parents and omit the other is the close grievous insult imaginable. In countries where Catholic Church holds greater influence Fathers Day is celebrated on St. Josephs Day (March 19). Present Day CelebrationsFathers Day Festival has gained amazing popularity over the years. The festival is considered to be a secular one and is celebrated not just in US but in a large number of countries around the world including Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, France, Germany, Japan, sore Zealand, Norway and India though on different dates. World over people take Fathers Day as an opportunity to thank father and founder tribute to them. On this day children present F athers Day cards not just to their dads but also grandfathers, uncles, stepfathers or any other person who commands the position of a father in their life. There is also a front to present Fathers Day gift to dad, most popular of all being necktie. Other popular gift being roses, the official Fathers Day flower. Many people rue that the trend of presenting gifts to fathers has led to over commercialization of the festival relegating the noble idea behind Fathers Day celebration.

Robinson Crusoe Critique

Filippo Volodin Robinson Crusoe And The New affectionateness Class Before analyzing Robinson Crusoe it is important to give a short background of the author of such an unthinkable novel. Daniel Defoe was born in 1660 and died in 1731 after a life of adventures and incredible experiences. He was raised to be very religious and his parents were strongly attached to the puritanism tendency that was spreading or so Europe. These aspects and the strong education imposed by his parents will strongly influence Robinson Crusoes psychology.Furthermore, Defoe worked as a Merchant, Insurer and during his entire live he has been move in prison several times for either small or serious issues. Having such an experience, Defoe strongly felt to be part of the New nerve center kinfolk that was flourishing due to the new colonies and the economic boom of that period. In this track we can say that his personal experience, family education and the influence of the growing Middle class strongly g ave to Defoe the impulse to create a character such as Robinson Crusoe, who represents the typical New Middle Class person who can, employ his ace and his talent, always watch in life.Robinson Crusoe represents the prototype of the typical English Merchant, heartless and unceasingly looking for a profitable business to lead. This new type of intention continuously changes because of the unsatisfactory position it has in the society and always strives to find new ways to make profit. In fact, Robinson Crusoe reveals these characteristics, and his strong attachment to the religion, when he sells Xury to the Captain. He offerd me also 60 Pieces of Eight more for my Boy Xury, which I was loath to take, non that I was not willing to let the Captain energize him, tho I was very loath to sell the poor Boys Liberty, who had assisted me so faithfully in procuring my give birth. However when I let him know my Reason, he ownd it to be just, and offerd me this Medium, that he would give the Boy an Obligation to set him free in ten Years, if he turns Christian upon this, and Xury saying he was willing to go to him, I let the Captain have him. From this quotation powerfully comes out the strong education gave to Robinson Crusoe.Crusoe does not really care about Xury, even though he has served him loyally. This passage highlights the new situation of the Middle Class represented by Robinson Crusoe that championed individualism, seizing every single opportunity to have a personal profit, relying just on own powers and talents. Furthermore, agreeing on converting Xury into a Christian let us explicitly make the importance of the Puritan education imposed to Defoe by his family with the consequent reflection of this approach on Robinson Crusoe, who just agrees after making sure that the Captain have to turn Xury into a Good Christian.Robinson Crusoe demonstrates to be the new bourgeois-man during his long stay at the isle. The island becomes the perfect field to compl etely release his middle class attitudes and the opportunity to show that he deserves to be saved by Gods providence. It is important to interpret properly the significant of the Island. Crusoes stay at the island has to be seen as the chance for Robinson Crusoe to prove his qualities controlling, manipulating and exploiting the Nature. Consequently, Crusoe starts to recreate the English society of the 18th Century, sticking to the Middle Class uses of efficiency and individuality.For instance, when Crusoe meets Friday he decides to impose him his way of living showing once again his necessity to impose the English life style. In fact, further on in the novel Robinson Crusoe teaches to Friday how to spill the beans English and how to interpret the holy Bible. In the island comes out even the typical attachment to the Puritanism of the Middle Class represented by Robinson Crusoe who believed in the Gods Providence. Crusoe is convinced that God is the first cause of everything but he can change his destiny by acting following his brain and using his talents.To conclude, Defoe shows us a perfect hero who, following the Middle Class education and mentality, can face every problem and solving it using his brain and his talents. It is incredible how Defoe could impress in an unbelievable way the main aspects of the growing Middle Class. Like Robinson Crusoe demonstrates, and Defoe in first person firmly thinks, a person using his own skill and being always self aware of his possibility can emerge and always find a way to survive and succeed in life if he really wants and strives for that.

Funny Memory

Funny Memory New Year is coming many of my friends have made a forge of where to go and what to do. Some go to Taipei attending the countdown party nearby Taipei 101. Some go home to enjoy the delight wither their family, and so do I. It seems that everywhere is full of joyful atmosphere. However, I got a bad news recently that my mother told my fathers company asked him to be on a business trip to Indonesia for three weeks. I think it is pity that I cannot share the happiness of the New Year with my father.I remembered that when I was ten old age old, I cried very hard as soon as I got the news that my father was asked to be on a business trip to mainland China by his company for two months. At that time, I supposed that the business trip was just an excuse of my father. The real purpose was that he wanted to void the family and leave us alone. Therefore, I hugged his leg and begged my father not to go to China. I dont know why I have such that stupid thought at that time.Maybe I saw much news about business men who go to china and have an affair with four-year-old girls in China and never come back to chinaware again. I never forget this funny and embarrassed memory until now. Fortunately, my father came back to Taiwan safely at that time. And now he is still being a good father and does his best to give us a comfortable bearing and a warm home. I hope that my father will finish the business trip safely as usual. And I also look preceding to sharing the trip with him.

Cross Cultural Differences- China and Usa

THE 101 Cross ethnic Issues in Tourism & hospitality Assessment No. 2 Ariana Janjua 201111790 Culture, as defined by Geert Hofstede, is the the incorporated programming of the mind distinguishing the members of sensation theme or category of people from another. (Hofstede, 2011) It is due to the look carried out by scholars such as Hofstede and Fons Trompenaars that we ar able to understand cultural values, and the difference in cultures more thoroughly. This development gives us the ability to understand, and interact people for other cultures that may be drastic anyy different from our own.Such research also gives a basis by which companionable and hatfuliness dealings open fire be held. (itim Inter discipline, n. d) Knowledge of other cultures is exacting when dealing with lineage relations it has been helpful in the age of globalization where cross-cultural business is at a dramatic rise, and redden aids in such things as the training and communications. It is als o crucial in the face of tourism and cordial life, as it gives us the sympathy of how people from other cultures ply as a result of their particular set of cultural values.The aim of this essay is to provide a deeper understanding between the cultural differences between deuce actu anyy different cultures those of China and the USA. The essay is divided into two parts the first impart explore the different cultural dimensions present in a social and business context according to the research by Hofstede and Trompenaars. The second part will give an example of a practical application of this information in the hospitality industry, and will provide recommendations upon which Ameri finish hotels can better accommodate Chinese guests.As mentioned above, Hofstede was a Dutch scholar who performed intensive research in order to fully understand his five cultural dimensions, of which this essay looks more deeply into three Power Distance, Individuality and Long Term Orientation. From his results, we can compargon the differences in these dimensions between China and the USA. (itim international, n. d) As can be seen, there is a remarkable difference in all the indexes, especially in PDI (China 80, USA 40), IDV (China 20, USA 91) and LTO (118, USA 29) (China, 2011).These figures give us a starting point to understand these differences more thoroughly. Power Distance is the extent to which people suffice to inequalities in different organizations and institutions. (Hofstede, 2011) The PDI of China is considerably high, meaning there is high level of inequality of power and wealth within the society (Patent, 2009). In social terms, this means that authority figures such as the father of a family ar precondition utmost respect to. Furthermore, in all situations, one must direct a person by their title is order to give them the respect of their status.This is also reflected in a business atmosphere, where hierarchies are clearly defined. Those on spinning top of the hierarchy are respected, and unquestionably obeyed by those lower in the hierarchy, who are given clear instructions of what is to be expected of them. (Patent, 2009) There is a particular level of communications between these different levels. This is a fact that is prevalent and accepted all throughout Chinese society. On the other hand, the PDI of the United States is very low, and almost leans toward egalitarianism. This is indicative of a greater equality between societal levels, including government, organizations, and even within families. (Hofstede, 2011) Socially, Americans are more comfortable around one another, care little(predicate) of their ranking. This is reflected in social life, where this is much lower emphasis on titles and qualifications. It is apparent in day-to-day dealings in which Americans greet each other by shaking hands and often call each other by first names, regardless of the persons title.In a business context, leadership may be respected , but more so for their abilities and success quite a than their positioning in the hierarchy. (Patent, 2009) They often take on the role of mentors with whom employees are unflinching and motivated to work with. Individualism on the one side versus its opposite, collectivism is the degree to which individuals are integrated into groups. (Hofstede, 2011) China is a highly collectivist culture, where all individuals are part of the unit, with the most fundamental unit being that of family.The prosperity of these units is ultimately more important than that of individual persons. Collectivism is apparent in all parts of life, from the attention given to group behavior more than individual behavior, to small everyday activities such as crowding on to a bus with numerous other passengers, such as seen in bustling Chinese cities such as Shanghai. (Gallo, 2009) These beliefs stem from the Confucian values of harmony, strong inter own(prenominal) relationships and group loyalties. (Fit zgerald, 2002) Loyalty to relationships is emphasized, even in a business context.For this reason, employees are dedicated to the company they work with, and in turn they are treated with the like loyalty, transforming the business environment into a somewhat family environment. (Gallo, 2009) Also in business, every employee regards himself as part of team, and all his efforts are solely to work towards the success of that team. Collectivism in Chinese culture can be summed up in one term guan xi, which can be loosely translated to mean to concern, to relate, to net connections, to urinate relationships. Fitzgerald, 2002) The United States, on the other hand, is a highly individualistic society. Every individual is looking for the American dream, a better state than they straightway are in (Cultural, n. d. ). Individuals believe in working hard and performing well for ones own benefits, and relationships and group culture is one of less importance than the concept of I (Kwintes sential, 2011). This is prevalent from childhood, when children are taught the worth of being independent and self-reliant. Fitzgerald, 2002) This is a common element of American society it is accepted and rewarded. The same goes for the attitudes seen in a business environment. There is a lesser concept of teams, and a higher concept of individuals working hard for their own success rather than for that of a larger units. Likewise, individual high performers in a company are rewarded for their efforts. (Gallo, 2009) Long- term lie societies foster pragmatic virtues oriented towards future(a) rewards, in particular saving, persistence, and adapting to changing circumstances. (Hofstede, 2011) According to Hofstedes analysis, China is a country that is very massive term oriented, with a high factor of 118. This is one of the most comm yet seen values in Chinese society, and is founded upon the teaching of Confucian, which are engrained in the Chinese culture. They are seen in every day behavior the Chinese are invariably looking to a better future and working towards this through the saving of money, perseverance, and the ability to adapt to changes surrounding them. (itim International, n. d) For example, Chinese sellers are infamous for their dicker abilities.Another value of this long-term orientation society is to have a sense of shame, which is why Chinese people always remain highly comprise and respectful no matter the situation. (nwlink, 1997) This composure is further complimented by their hard work and determination in business-matters. They believe that the future matters more than the present or past, and therefore put all their potential into working for better things to come. Short-term oriented societies foster virtues related to the past and present such as national pride, respect for tradition, preservation of face,and fulfilling social obligations. (Hofstede, 2011) The USA comes in with a relatively low LTO factor at only 29. Short term ori ented societies are concerned with the Truth of matters, which Americans view as science, religion and management. Following the same values, they believe that the truth may be manipulated in order to become the desired results. (nwlink, 1997) As Americans are extremely concerned about personal solidity, these values about truth tie in well with both their social and business lives. In social lives, Americans are very protective of themselves and their face or reputation as they are in business life.Having looked at Hofstedes differences in the cultural dimensions between China and America, we can now take a look at these differences from a different perspective. Trompenaars, who was also Dutch, was a professed(prenominal) in cross-cultural communication and drew up a model of culture with seven dimensions. This essay will pay particular focus to the dimension of everydayism and particularism in USA and China. Particularist societies such as that in China are those societies in w hich people believe that a clear and right decision can be made on the grounds of the relationships and the situation it in based on.It may be said, Particularism is based on logic of the heart and human friendship. (Cultures, 2011) For this reason, Chinese people believe in the value of all relationships and they make the required effort to base these relationships on a strong foundation for a long lasting outcome. The Chinese are known for being good hosts, and often participate in small gestures, such as giving gifts. In businesses as well, the Chinese try to build a relationship with the person they are doing dealings with.They like to take their time in business dealings and negotiations, avow on a mutual trust and respect to get the process finished, and believe in the simplicity of such dealings. (Cultures, 2011) In Universalist societies There is a belief that what is good or true can be discovered, defined, and applied to every situation (cyborlink, 2011) . These societie s, such as that of the USA take a universal point of view and believe that all matters are relative. Socially, they are okay with having weak relationships with friends or family members.But this universalism can really be see in a business aspect, as Americans are very concerned with terms and conditions and contracts basically, the little details entailed in a business dealing. They are usually even lawyers involved in seeing to a smooth running of the matter, and this is reflected in the fact that there are more lawyers per person in the USA than anywhere else in the world. (Cultures, 2011) After looking at these four cultural dimensions and the differences they show between China and America, a great deal of understanding may be acquired in why these countries work in the way they do.The next part of this essay will apply this understand in a Tourism and Hospitality context it will provide recommendations for the Industry in America on how it could welcome and deal with Chinese guests. As well have already seen, the Chinese are loyal, hardworking people who give great importance to status, relationships, and the future. In order to give them a satisfying and pleasurable experience in the USA, American hotel and tourism managers must reciprocate these values. Because China is not, per se, a religiously founded country, there are not many strict dietary restrictions or other practices that the Chinese people follow.This makes it easier for the American hosts to welcome their guests, as the only alterations they really need to make is that in their behavior and attitude in order to fit with the personal value system of the Chinese. During their stay at a hotel, Chinese guests must be treated in the same way that they would treat guests in their country. They should be welcomed graciously, and perhaps given a small gift as a token of appreciation for their arrival and as a gesture that implies the beginning of a beautiful relationship. Too much eye contact sh ould be avoided as the Chinese may misconstrue this as being rude.Whats more, Chinese guests should always be addressed by their title, and although friendliness is appreciated, an overly boisterous or excited manner may be considered as not being genuine. To make their stay more comfortable, Chinese guests should be given their privacy in room that have all the amenities required, but they should have the knowledge that they are always being accommodated and that if they need anything, it would be at their doorstep in a moments time. For families, there should be a range of activities so that the guests know that their hosts, too, understand the importance of family and relationships.On departure, the guests should be given personal attention by hotel staff members and should be asked about their trip and their stay in the hotel. They should be aware that they will be welcomed back at any point of time with the same hospitality and that in staying with the American hotel, not only has a business dealing been made but a long lasting relationship has been established. It is important that the guests feel like their stay has been a worthy investment of their money and time. For the tourism industry to be more adaptable to Chinese guests, there are numerous things they could do.As with the hotel industry, they must approach the guests in a respectful manner and be able to make them feel comfortable, content and confident in the investment of their money and time. Due to the collectivist character of the Chinese people and because their Confucian values urge them to seek constant knowledge and education, informational group activities would be perfect for Chinese guests. For example, if in New York, a group tour that takes the tourists to all the important landmarks and locations, such as the Statue of Liberty, whilst providing an interesting and educational background will be very pleasing for the guests.As will events that provide an opportunity for Chinese tou rists to meet with others, communicate and enjoy what may be the start of a great relationship. Such events may be make dinners, cruise trips, exhibitions and so on. There should also be a large range of family activities, such as trips to theme parks. As long as the Chinese are given an entertaining and informational environment to enjoy their trip, they should be very satisfied and looking forward to come back for more.In conclusion, the work and findings of Geert Hofstede and Fons Trompenaars has given us a thoroughly insightful look into the vastly different cultures of China and America in both a social context and in a business context. It is incredible and inspiring to see how much this information can help individuals and professionals to act and interact with people from other societies, and how it can be applied in a range of different areas, such as in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry. Truly, such information provides us with an edge of understanding (itim Internatio nal, n. ) by which only more and more successful cross-cultural interactions can be expected in the future. REFERENCES Bing, J. W. (2004, February). Hofstedes consequences The impact of his work on consulting and business practices. Retrieved may 28, 2011, from ITAP International http//www. itapintl. com/facultyandresources/articlelibrarymain/hofstedes-consequences-the-impact-of-his-work-on-consulting-and-business-practices. html Chan, S. (1999). The Chinese Learner-a question of style. Education and Training , 41 (6/7). China, C. D. (2011).Geert Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions China vs. World Average . Retrieved May 28, 2011, from Cultural Dimensions in China http//www. geert-hofstede. com Cultural, C. (n. d. ). Individualism. Retrieved May 26, 2011, from Clearly cultural http//www. clearlycultural. com/geert-hofstede-cultural-dimensions/individualism/ Cultures, I. B. (2011). Universalism versus particularism. Retrieved MAY 28, 2011, from International Business Cultures http//www. v ia-web. de/universalism-versus-particularism/ cyborlink. (2011). United States of America.Retrieved May 27, 2011, from Hofstede Analysis United States of America http//www. cyborlink. com/besite/us. htm Fitzgerald, H. (2002). Cross Cultural Communication for the Tourism and Hospitality Industry. Frenchs Forest, NSW, Australia David Cunningham. Gallo, F. (2009, June 23). Individualism Vs. Collectivism in China. Retrieved May 28, 2011, from Calypso Consulting http//chinacalypso. com/content/individualism-versus-collectivism-china Hofstede, G. (2011, n. d n. d). Culture. Retrieved May 29, 2011, from Geert Hofstede http//www. geerthofstede. l/culture. aspx International, I. (n. d. ). Geert Hofstede Cultural Dimensions. Retrieved 5 28, 2011, from Itim International http//www. geert-hofstede. com/ Kwintessential. (2011). Individualism. Retrieved May 26, 2011, from Kwintessential http//www. kwintessential. co. uk/intercultural/individualism. html Li, F. M. (2008). Culture as a Major Determ inant in Tourism Development of China. Current Issues in Tourism , 11 (6), 492-513. Mathilde, C. (2008, February 1). chinaware REPORT Cultural dimensions of China. Retrieved May 28, 2011, from

Enron, the smartest guys in the room Essay

Enron was ace of the biggest scandal of all time in the stock market. The three main guys leading the engage was Ken Lay, Jeffrey Skilling, and Andy Fastow. The conjunction was not making profit so they decided to do future value accounting. This was sh experience to shareholders so they can spend property and invest in Enron. The future value accounting just shows a list of future profit that was predicted. What actually leaded? Why it can happen once again? What can be done to prevent it? and What is now being dont to prevent it? These are the question that will be answered and explained.What actually happened? Andy Fastow was the one who created several smaller companies that would hide the losses Enron had do. Enron showed that they were making great increases in the stock market and others wanted a piece of that. They even convinced their own employees to buy stocks. Enron wanted to hide their scandal so bad that they paid investment company to fire the employee that had any concerns. Enron was behind the California Energy Crisis and made billions off the state. They had the power plants shut down and resold energy for much higher and made outrageous profit.Their company got so big within a scant(p) amount of time, but so did their losses. It was getting much harder for them to hide the scandal as their company progresses. A writer at Forbes magazine was the one who started the go of Enron. She released an article and what Enron was truly doing and it went downhill from thither. Jeffrey Skilling bailed on the company and sold all his stocks and left Ken Lay and Andy Fastow to run the company. Enron eventually collapsed and all the employee lost e reallything. Jeffrey Skilling and Andy Fastow were direct to prison for the scandal and Ken Lay passed away after the trials.The main thing that can be done to prevent another Enron scandal is the meshing of the investors themselves. The stockholders need to know about everything and anything that goes on in the company they are investing to the best of their abilities. Management and the Board members also play a very big role in avoiding another Enron. They are the one to keep track of the funds coming in and out of the company. Calpers are the current members that fix over the investors money and make sure everything is where theyre suppose to be.Regulators are also important in having strict regulations for companies, but lenient enough so there is room for competition. The Enron Scandal can happen again if a company is using the future value of accounting, but with the new tab and order that is set up, it is very unlikely it will happen. These new check and order are very strict and precise on company so that they can prevent another major scandal. Audit committees have the right to access the companys financial statements and have the company cooperate with them at all times.The reason why Enron got away with their scandal for so long was because they had their own audit c ommittee checking up on them. there is no way to completely prevent another scandal, but a scandal as big as Enron will surely not happen again. In the end, check and balance comes in to play to keep any company from pulling a scandal as big as Enron. Because there was a loose leash over the company, Enron took advantage of that to the max and scammed every investor for their money. Now the lesson has been learned and companies are being regulated and watched for the best of the investors.

Recruitment And Selection In A Social Setting

INTRODUCTIONPeople form an constitutive(a) part of an brass. Indeed, there is no organization that can run without its human resources. Recruitment and plectron has and so far constituteing implications for the proper functioning of the organization. Most organizations be know to eagerly have their posts fill up in order to ensure continuity of services. It is however important to ensure that the staff to be recruited argon justly screened prior to their appointment, in particular in a amicable setting. The sociable welf atomic number 18 of the tikeren and susceptible adults essential be put first, as opposed to just filling vacancies.Staff must therefore be properly screened prior to their appointment so as to deter, reject and identify those who might cause harm or abuse to the kidskinren and susceptible adults. Only after a rigorous and satisf coiffeory recruitment and selection put to work that appointments ar made. This robust recruitment and selection acc omplish contri simplyes to a safer workforce, whose duties should reflect on their commitment to safeguarding and promoting the offbeat of insecure adults.Where there allegations or suspicion of abuse especially to vulnerable adults, the stages outlined below whitethorn be followed in resolving the issue.Alerting this concerns the responsibility of recognizing abusive situations and reporting them to the line manager. Alerting plays a major role in safeguarding and protecting children and vulnerable adults, and some(prenominal) concerns of possible abuse, however trivial, must be reported (SSD 2006). Referral Referrals are then made to an appropriate designated mightholder. Contact can be made via speech sound however, this must be hold uped in writing within 2 working days. When deciding on the level of urgency of the referral, the degree and extent to which the risk poses harm to the vulnerable adult must be the deciding factor (SSD 2006). Some cases such as life threaten ing situations result require a rapid response. Screening At this stage the substance of the alleged abuse is screened by the designated officer alongside some other lords (SSD 2006). In determining whether there is read for further investigation, received factors must be interpreted account of including nature and extent of abuse, vulner tycoon of the individual, impact, length of time and the risk of repeated acts on other vulnerable adults (SSD 2006) Planning the investigation upon confirming receipt of the referral and after missionfully screening and determining the demand for further investigation, the designated officer may then convene a strategy discussion and appoint an examine officer (SSD 2006). The strategy decision go away ensure that there is an early exchange of information in order to clarify the actions to be taken and to determine the method of investigation which can either be a single agency, joint investigations or joint investigations with the po lice (SSD 2006). Investigation the investigation strategy concord at the strategy discussion is then employ. The investigating officer conduces the investigation art object animationing the designated officer fully informed. A primary consideration to be made at this stage is to involve vulnerable adult in the investigation. The investigation go forth establish facts about the circumstances, decide whether there are crusade of concern, identify the level of risk and the sources, determine the soulfulness responsible and recommend what action to be taken against them (SSD 2006). Making decisions Upon receipt of the investigating officers report, a case discussion may be conducted to formulate an agreed care and protection plan for the individual. The objectives of the meeting shall be to share and evaluate the poised information, assess the risk level, agree on an inter-agency care and protection plan, make appointments of persons who result oversee the death penalty of t he care and protection plan, and identify any therapeutic interventions to the vulnerable individual who has been abused (SSD 2006). This go forth allow conducting an appropriate follow up. Monitoring and retreading this stage concerns the aspect of overseeing and ensuring that the care protection plan has effectively been implemented (SSD 2006). Where there are still risks to the vulnerable adult, the case can be kept under review and further actions that are necessary to safeguard them taken. LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTSUnderpinning all the aspects of recruitment and selection are the legislative requirements that I, as the HR manager, must adhere to prior to making any appointments, especially in a children and vulnerable adult setting. These includeTHE PROTECTION OF CHILDREN stage 1999This act provides for the protection of the developmental postulate and welfare of children, including the need to be protected from harm (DCSF 2010).CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND COURT SER VICES ACT 2000This act covers issues of disclosure and child protection (DCSF 2010). It contains a list of convictions that bar offenders from working in a children and young batch setting (DCSF 2010).THE CARE STANDARDS ACT 2000This act provides for the establishment of certain protocols and procedures that bars certain individuals from working with children and vulnerable adults in England and Wales (DCSF 2010).THE MENTAL CAPACITY ACT 2005This Act safeguards commissariat with regard to people that lack capacity and provides protection from deprivation of casualness. According to the statute, all the staff working in a social setting, be it with vulnerable adults or children, must be aware of what constitutes deprivation and restriction of liberty (DCSF 2010).SAFEGUARDING VULNERABLE GROUPS ACT 2006This act introduces a vetting and barring scheme for the staff working with children and vulnerable adults (DCSF 2010). This act which came into force in November 2006 heralds significa nt changes to the way vetting is done for people working with vulnerable adults and children. The act contains provisions relating to organizations or individuals involved in the recruitment and selection of people for regulated activities such as teaching, sanitaryness care, social work, guidance and counseling among others (DCSF 2010).Other legislations that regulate the protection of vulnerable adults from harm include the versed offences Act 2003, Fraud Act 2006, and Domestic Violence, Crimes and Victims Act 2004 (DCSF 2010). These acts tend to lamentableize certain actions hence deterring individuals who are unsuitable for working with vulnerable adults and children.Besides the legal and regulatory requirements outlined above, I will as well as observe certain professional codes. For example, the Code of Practice for recruitment, this is an important element for achieving excellence in the recruitment and selection of workers in a social care setting (DOH 2004). This code c ontains a list of standards of professional conduct and practices that must be strongly adhered to by all the employers in the recruitment and selection bring (DOH 2004).It is widely acknowledged that the credibility of the recruitment process is greatly influenced by the collective conduct of individual recruiters. In order to maintain the credibility and reputation of my organization, I will endeavor to recruit while complying with the applicable professional codes including the Code of Practice, and Code of Ethics and passkey Conduct among others. The Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct is intended to instill confidence into the process of recruitment and selection. Embracing these professional codes among others will bear away discrimination, improve on the recruitment process and help maintain best practices.RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION exerciseIn any recruitment and selection process, the panoramas must be assessed for their suitability for the position. The selection c riteria may be based on structured interviews, PowerPoint presentations, assessment centers and psychometric testing (Wood 1998). Due to the nature of work contained in a social setting, a structured interview will be more suitable as the selection criteria.The use of interviewing as the selection method is important as it not only enables the aspect to demonstrate transferable skills and forward experience that might be useful in undertaking the role, but also evaluates the candidates suitability for the post by exploring on other issues related to safeguarding the welfare of children and vulnerable adults (Wood 1998).Hence, as the HR manager, I will first consult with the others specialists in the recruitment attention so as to determine the selection criteria and method best suitable for recruitment and selection in a social care setting. Upon agreeing on a suitable method, say an interview, I will then proceed with the recruitment and selection process which following steps i) PLANNINGPlanning is zippy to successful recruitment. As an initial stage, the planning phase will take account ofThe amount of time needed to make the adverts A clear and precise definition of the role Applications closing date Time needed for the short-listing to be undertaken involution of the interview board Determining the nature and relevance of interview questions and tasks.ii) RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION POLICYAs providers of social care services, it is obvious that the staff of the organization will have contact with this vulnerable group on a day to day basis. Hence, the recruitment and selection process should not only hire staff of the highest timber in the performance, but also of positive influence to children and vulnerable adults. The recruitment polity and accompanying procedures must therefore be designed to safeguard and promote this vulnerable group.As the HR manager, I will ensure that an explicit recruitment and selection policy statement that shows the o rganizations commitment to safeguarding and protecting the interests of vulnerable individuals is include in the various aspects of the recruitment process. This will include incorporating the policy in recruitment websites, publicity materials, advertisements, person specifications, candidate information packs, competency framework, in the assembly line descriptions and inductor training as well.iii) ADVERTISINGHaving developed a proper plan and an explicit written recruitment and selection policy, the next step will be to advertise. At this stage, I will ensure that the advert goes in accordance to the time schedule and that the organizations commitment to safeguarding the needs of children and vulnerable adults are clearly articulated in the advert.For instance, I will include a commitment statement such as belowEveryone in this organization has the compact and commitment to safeguard and promote the welfare of children and vulnerable adults, and ensure their protection from harm.iv) APPLICATIONS AND SHORT-LISTINGFor any recruitment and selection process, a selection panel is needed to assess the appliers in terms of how well they meet the job specification. However, it is not up to the panel to wade through the resumes and cover letters trying to locate relevant information that meets the selection criterion. The onus is on the applicant to ensure that the relevant information is presented in a form that is easily accessible. This will assist in rating the application against the selection criteria as well as against other applicants, and thereafter identifying those candidates shortlisted for the interview.An easy way of doing this is to draft an application form, which is to be filled in by the applicants. The application form provides the opportunity to emphasize on the organizational commitment to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of vulnerable individuals. It will be my responsibility to ensure that the forms are available for free downloads via the organizational website. Besides move an application form to the Prospective applicants, I will also ensure that they receive a reduplicate ofThe aims and objectives of the organization information about the job description, salary grade, person specification and lines of accountability. the time schedule for the interview process and the guiding principles that ensure that the organization is committed to safeguarding and protecting children and vulnerable adults.Upon receiving the applications, I will stock-take them and undertake the relevant checks relating to qualification, character, suitability, skills and identity. This will include working together with the panel in evaluating the candidates application bythe extent to which the requirements of the person specification are met by the applicant. the demonstration of transferable skills and experience to the job in questionWhere there are discrepancies noted, I will conduct a follow up to confirm and determine the suitability of the candidate for the position.v) REFERENCESAfter wading through the applications presented by the applicants, the information submitted is then scrutinized and tested by contacting their referees. Contacting their previous employers is important in order to determine the legitimacy of their information and their suitability for the position by checking whether there have been any concerns, allegations or disciplinary investigations on their conduct, performance and behaviour towards children. Where there are ambiguities, anomalies or conflicting information, I will conduct a follow up alongside with the referee.Ideally, references need to be taken prior to the interview. However, where they are not taken prior to the interview, the decision to select the applicant for posting shall be conditional upon receiving suitable references and checks.vi) INTERVIEWI will then make arrangements for the interview process, which is the most polar stage of the selection proces s as it allows the panel to test the requirements of the person specification. Prior to the interview, I will delegate the necessary authority to the panel to make informed decisions about the appointments and ensure that the interview panel is well-trained in procedures of interviewing and selecting applicants. This will include the exceptional ability to recognize responses which may question suitability for the post.I will also organize for the Panel to meet prior to the interview in order to reach a consensus onthe standards accepted for appointment in this job, issues to be explored with each applicant, and the agreed assessment criteria. aline with the above, I will ensure that the interview questions are relevant and explore on suitability issues. That is, the questions should be linked specifically to the aspects of the job description. The purpose of interview questions is to enable the candidate to demonstrate transferable skills and previous experience that might be usefu l in undertaking the role (Warner 1992).SCOPE OF THE INTERVIEWIn addition to assessing and evaluating the candidates suitability for the post, I will instruct the panel to explore on other issues related to safeguarding the welfare of Children and vulnerable adults. These will include exploring on factorsthe attitude of the candidate towards children and vulnerable adults What motivates the applicant to want to work in a social setting The candidates ability to support the agenda of safeguarding and protecting the welfare of the vulnerable individuals Emotional resilience in working with ambitious behaviours. Gaps in employment history Any discrepancies and concerns that may arise from the information provided by the applicantvii) PRE-APPOINTMENT CHECKSBefore making any offer to potential applicants, I will ensure that they have provided satisfactory evidence ofIdentity/ consent to work- the applicant must provide proof of identity including the name, address, date of birth and a legal national ID. Qualifications this includes original copies of all the relevant qualifications and recommendations from previous employers. These qualifications will be assessed based on the wellness and kind Care National Occupation Standards and must confirm competence working within health and social care setting, especially with children and vulnerable adults (AMA 2010). CRB clearance I will check for any criminal record via the Criminal Record Bureau (CRB). Any offer of appointment in a social setting must be conditional upon a satisfactory CRB disclosure (Bowles 1995). Barring list clearance Upon determining that the applicant is appropriate for the post, I will conduct checks with the relevant professional bodies including the General Social Care Council.viii) INDUCTION AND TRAININGWhere deemed suitable for the post, I will conduct a formal induction for the candidate which will include consideration of safeguarding and safe practice. This will also include a basic child protection training which will equip the new staff to recognize and respond to child welfare concerns. It is vital to have all the staff trained prior to their appointment so that those that lack the designated spend responsibility for child protection are subjected to refresher courses at three yearly intervals that will keep their skills and knowledge up to date. While those with designated lead responsibility who have taken up the role, may be given training on inter-agency procedures.As the HR manager, part of my duties in the induction and training will includeExplaining to the candidate about the safeguarding policy of the organization Issuing a practice guidance and explaining conduct requirements to the candidate Making known the name and contact details of the Designated Child Protection Officer. Making known to the candidate the health and safety requirements. Assessing the induction and training needs of the candidate. TASK FORCE TO RECOMMEND CHANGES FOR returnUp on completion of recruitment and selection, I will set up a task force that will examine the frontline social work practice and provide their recommendations on how improvements can be made, especially to the induction and training, recruitment and leadership.CONCLUSIONThe process of recruitment and selection of staff is certainly no easy task, especially in a children and vulnerable adult setting. While working with this vulnerable group may impart great rewards, it places a great responsibility for the HR managers to ensure that the staff employed to provide these vital services are well suited to the task.Therefore, there is need for HR managers in a social care setting to appropriately screen all the staff and volunteers prior to their appointment. Only after a rigorous and satisfactory recruitment and selection process that appointments are made. This robust recruitment and selection process contributes to a safer workforce, whose duties should reflect on their commitment to s afeguarding the welfare of children and vulnerable adults.REFERENCEAllegations Management Advisor, Government office South East, 2010. Towards a safer workforce recruitment and selection, a policy guide for adaptation by child and youth support organizations.http//eduwight.iow.gov.uk/governors/images/Recruitmentandselection.pdf Accessed on 16th January 2012Bowles, N., 1995. Methods of Nurse Selection a review, Nursing Standard, 9, 15, pp. 2529. subdivision for children, schools and families (DCSF), 2010. Safeguarding children and safer recruitment in education.http//www.education.gov.uk/consultations/downloadableDocs/Safeguarding%20Children%20Guidance.pdf Accessed on 17th January 2012Department of Health (DOH), 2004. Code of practice for the international recruitment of healthcare professionals, crown .Erooga, M., 2009. Towards safer organizations adults who pose a risk to children in workplace and implications for recruitment and selection.http//www.nspcc.org.uk/Inform/ look into/ findings/towardssaferorganisationssummary_wdf63929.pdf Accessed on 16th January 2012Social Services Directorate (SSD), 2006. Safeguarding vulnerable adults Regional adult protection policy and procedural guidance.http//www.gain-ni.org/flowcharts/downloads/safeguarding_vulnerable_adults.pdf Accessed 20th January 2012Warner, N., 1992. Choosing with Care. The Report of the Committee of Inquiry into theSelection, Development and Management of Staff in Childrens Homes, London HMSO.Wood, R., 1998. Competency-based recruitment and selection. Wiley publishers

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Principles of amount (International) For executions of bend JUNE 1979 Published by RICS Business Services Limited, a wholly owned underling of The king want Institution of Chartered Surveyors, under the RICS Books imprint, Surveyor Court Westwood Business Park Coventry, CV4 8JE UK No responsibility for red ink occasioned to some(prenominal) person acting or refraining from action as a result of every tangible impli blareed in this unexclusiveation can be accepted by the authors, publisher or The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors.The views expressed and the conclusions drawn in this book are those of the authors. ISBN 0 85406 108 8 root Edition 1979 Reprinted 1988, 1991, 1994, 2001, 2002 and 2004 RICS 1988. Copyright in all or violate of this publication rests with the RICS, and save by precedent consent of the RICS, no part or parts of this publication shall be reproduced in any variety show or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or ot her thanwise, now known or to be devised. Printed by Q3 Print, LoughboroughForeword The utilize of bills of quantities is a well-established means of enabling the financial everyplacecome and management of expression scores. The key to the success of the use of bills of quantities is a clear understanding by all parties to the contract of what is accommodated, or excluded, in the amount. It is this that gives rise to the requirement for clearly defined precedent methods of cadence. Since these principles of measurement were first issued in 1979, many a nonher(prenominal) countries have developed their own more little standard methods.A recent survey of its supranational membership carried out for the RICS Construction Faculty by the Building Cost In defining Service (BCIS) set that 14 of the 32 responding countries had their own method of measurement. However, the Principles of Measurement (International) (POMI) were still being used in roughly half of the countries a nd are still widely used on international contracts. There has been a turn out in the UK and elsewhere to move away from measurement-based procural, passing the responsibility for measuring stick the building take a crap great deal the add up chain to the contractor or sub-contractor.However, research commissioned by the Construction Faculty showed that where bills of quantities were not provided as part of the procurement process, 95% of contractors would undertake their own measurement, with the majority of this carried out in concord with the current Standard Method of Measurement (SMM). There is no doubt that the proliferation of procurement practices will continue. However, in circumstances in which there is a degree of design certainty before the contractor is appointed, measurement-based procurement will still be withdraw.Furthermore, where design decisions are being passed bolt down the supply chain, measurement should be under taken at the level at which the desi gn is carried out, in order to remove the need for duplication. It is in the interests of the perseverance as a whole, including its clients, that measurement is carried out consistently. There is therefore a continued need for standard methods of measurement and, by implication, a continued need for measurement skills. These principles require a detailed condition and tender drawings to be provided.RICS recognises that circumstances vary from country to country, and from contract to contract, and that the principles therefore need to be malleable in order to accommodate chromosomal mutations in practice and techniques. all comments on the principles should be sent to the RICS Construction Faculty, at 12 Great George Street, Parliament Square, London, SW1P 3AD. The principles are also available in French, German and Arabic. RICS is gratifying to the original authors Michael Rainbird, Alan Charter, James Diebel, Derek Lawrence and Michael Pagulatos. Simon Cash Ch parentageman R ICS Construction Faculty December 2003 Contents office GP GENERAL PRINCIPLES GP1 Principles of measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 GP2 Bills of quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 GP3 Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 GP4 Items to be fully inclusive GP5 Description of features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/2 GP6 regulate to be penalize by a extraist propose by the employer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 GP7 Goods, materials or services to be provided by a merchant or tradesman nominated by the employer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 GP8 Work to be executed by a government activity or public authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 GP9 Day constructs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/3 GPI0 Contingencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 discussion section A GENERAL REQUIREMENTS A1 Conditions of contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 A2 Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 A3 Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 A4 Contractors administrative arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 A5 Constructional rig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 A6 Employers facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 A7 Contractors facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 A8 ephemeral field of studys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 A9 Sundry events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 fraction B grade give way B1 state of affairs exploration for the most part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 B2 Trial holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 B3 Boreholes (including pumping analyse wells) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 B4 Site pre paration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 B5 Demolitions and alterations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 B6 Shoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 B7 Underpinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 B8 Earthworks generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 B9 mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 B10 Dredging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 B11 Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 B12 Filling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 B13 Piling generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 B14 Driven flock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 B15 Bored piling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 B16 ragtime piling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 B17 carrying out designed piling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 B18 test piling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 B19 subway system drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 B20 paving material and surfacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 B21 Fencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 B22 Landscaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 B23 Railway work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 B24 Tunnel dig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 B25 Tunnel linings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 B26 Tunnel attendant and stabilisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 SECTION C CONCRETE convey C1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 C2 Poured concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 C3 Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 C4 Shuttering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 C5 precast concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 C6 Prestressed concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 C7 Sundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10/11 SECTION D MASONRY D1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 D2 Walls and piers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 D3 Sills, etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 04 Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 D5 Sundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 SECTION E METALWORK E1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 E2 morphological metalwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11/12 E3 Non structural metalwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 SECTION F WOODWORK F1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 F2 Structural timbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 F3 embarkation and floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 F4 Grounds and battens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Finishings and fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12/13 Composlte specifics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Sundry relics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 metalworking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Ironmongery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 SECTION G THERMAL AND MOISTURE P ROTECTION G1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 G2 Coverings and linings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 G3 Damp-proof courses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 G4 Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 SECTION H DOORS AND WINDOWS H1 Doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 H2 Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 H3 Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 H4 Ironmongery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 H5 Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 H6 indubitable glazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 SECTION J FINISHES J1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 J2 Backgrounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 J3 Finishings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 J4 Sundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 J5 Suspended ceilings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 J6 Decorations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 J7 Signwriting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 SECTION K ACCESSORIES K1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 K2 Partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 SECTION L EQUIPMENT L1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 SECTION M FURNISHINGS M1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 M2 Curtain raceway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 SECTION N SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION N1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 N2 Enclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 N3 Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 SECTION P CONVEYING SYSTEMS P1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 P2 Sundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 P3 Work concomitant to conveying systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 SECTION Q MECHANICAL plan INSTALLATIONS Q1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Q2 Pipework and gutterwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Q3 Ductwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Q4 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Q5 Automatic controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Q6 Connections to supply mains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Q7 Insulation, including linings and protective coverings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Q8 Sundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Q9 Work incidental to mechanical engineering installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 SECTION R ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTALLATIONS R1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 R2 Main circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 R3 Sub-main circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 R4 Final sub-circuits and auxiliary installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 R5 Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 R6 Control g ear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 R7 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 R8 Connections to supply mains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 R9 Sundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 R10 Work incidental to electrical engineering installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 APPENDIX Amendments to principles of measurement 1 SECTION GP GENERAL PRINCIPLES GP1 Principles of measuremen t GP1. 1 Principles of measurement These principles of measurement provide a uniform basis for measuring bills of quantities for works of construction. More detailed information than is involve by this document whitethorn measurement be apt(p) to define the precise nature of work or the circumstances under which it is to be carried out. Amendments to these principles of measurement for use in a particular locality or adopted for work not envisaged by this document shall be stated an appendix is provided for such amendments to be recorded.These principles of measurement may be employ equally to the measurement of proposed works and of completed works. Bills of quantities The objects of bills of quantities are 1. To assist in the accurate preparation of tenders, by providing for measurement of quantities on a uniform basis 2. To provide a basis for the financial control of a project, in harmony with the conditions of contract. Bills of quantities shall describe and represent the w orks to be carried out work which cannot be mensurable accurately shall be exposit as venture or minded(p) in bills of approximate quantities.Conditions of contract, drawings and preconditions shall be provided with the bills of quantities. The section headings and classifications do not impose restrictions upon the format and presentation of bills of quantities. Measurement Work shall be deliberate pelf as fixed in strength and separately measurement shall be taken to the nearest 10 millimetres this principle shall not apply to dimensions stated in descriptions. Unless otherwise stated, no conclusion shall be do from items indispensable to be thrifty by field of view for voids of less than 1. 00 m2.Minimum implications of voids shall advert only to voids within the edges of careful areas voids which are at the edges of careful areas shall always be de ducted, irrespective of size. These principles of measurement may be used with other units of measurement scarce t he particular amendments shall be stated. Notwithstanding these principles of measurement, a separate minor building or structure may be enumerated. Items to be fully inclusive Unless otherwise stated, all items shall be fully inclusive of all that is necessary to fulfill the Items to be fully liabilities and obligations arising out of the contract and shall admit 1.Labour and all associated costs 2. Materials, goods and all associated costs 3. Provision of plant 4. momentary works 5. Establishment charges, overheads and profit. Description of items Items which are inevitable to be enumerated. or for which an item is required, shall be fully exposit. Items which are to be thrifty by continuance or depth shall state the cross-section(a) size and shape, girth or ranges of girths or such other information as may be appropriate for items of pipework it shall be stated whether the diameter is internal or external.Items which are to be calculated bv area shall state the weightines s or such other information as may be appropriate. Items which are to be measurable by weight down shall state the material weightiness and unit weight if appropriate (for example, ductwork). GP1. 2 GP1. 3 GP2 Bills of quantities GP2. 1 GP2. 2 GP2. 3 GP2. 4 GP3 Measurement GP3. 1 GP3. 2 GP3. 3 GP3. 4 GP3. 5 GP4 Items to be fully inclusive GP4. 1 GP5 Description of items GP5. 1 GP5. 2 GP5. 3 GP5. 4 1 GP5. 5 Notwithstanding these principles of measurement, proprietary items may be thrifty in a manner appropriate to the manufacturers tariff or customary practice.The description of items in bills of quantities may adduce to other documents or drawings and any reference to such information shall be mute to fulfill any requirement of these principles of measurement alternatively, reference may be make to published information. Work to be executed by a modifiedist nominated by the employer Unless otherwise required by the conditions of contract, work which is required to be execute d by a specialist nominated by the employer shall be abandoned as a spunk such sum shall be exclusive of contractors profit and in each quality an item shall be devoted for the profit of profit.An item shall be given in each suit for assistance by the contractor, which shall include 1. Use of contractors administrative arrangements 2. Use of constructional plant 3. Use of contractors facilities 4. Use of terminable works 5. Space for specialists offices and stores 6. Clearing away rubbish 7. Scaffolding required by the specialist, grown particulars 8. Unloading, distributing, hoisting and placing in position items of plant, machinery or the like, giving particulars.Goods, materials or services to be provided by a merchant or tradesman nominated by the employer Unless otherwise required by the conditions of contract, goods, materials or services which are required to be provided by a merchant or tradesman nominated by the employer shall be given as a sum such sum shall be exc lusive of contractors profit and in each case an item shall be given for the appurtenance of profit. Fixing goods and materials shall be given in concurrence with the relevant clauses in these principles of measurement fixing shall be silent to include unloading, storing, distributing and hoisting the, goods and materials.Particulars shall be given of any requirements for the contractor to arrange for delivery or pay any costs of conveying goods or materials. Work to be executed by a government or public authority Unless otherwise required by the conditions of contract, work which may only be carried out or by a government or public authority shall be given as a sum such sum shall be exclusive of contractors profit and in each case an item shall be given for the addition of profit. An item shall be given in each case for assistance by the contractor as described in clause GP6. . Dayworks The cost of labour in dayworks shall be given as a sum alternatively, a agenda of the distin ct categories of labour may be given containing a provisionary quantity of hours for each category. The cost of labour included in a sum or memorial shall include wages, bonuses and all allowances paid to operatives directly engaged on dayworks (including those operating mechanical plant and transport) in treaty with the appropriate employment agreement or, where no such agreement exists, the actual payments made to the work people concerned.The cost of materials in dayworks shall be given as a sum alternatively, 3 schedule may be given containing a provisional quantity of different materials. The cost of materials included in a sum or schedule shall be the net invoiced price, including delivery to spot. The cost of constructional plant sedulous whole in dayworks shall be given as a sum alternatively, a schedule of the different categories of plant may be given containing a provisional quantity of hours, or such other period of time as may be appropriate, for each category.The cost of constructional plant included in a sum or schedule shall include fuel, consumable stores, repairs, maintenance and insurance of plant. An item shall be given for the addition of establishment charges. overheads and profit to each of the sums or schedules of labour, materials or plant. Description of items (continued) GPS. 6 GP6 GP6. 1 Work to be executed by a specialist nominated by the employer GP6. 2 GP7 GP7. 1 GP7. 2 Goods, materials or services to be provided by a merchant or tradesman nominated by the employer GP8 GP8. 1 Work to be executed by a government or public authority GP8. 2 GP9 GP9. 1Dayworks GP9. 2 GP9. 3 GP9. 4 GP9. 5 GP9. 6 GP9. 7 2 Dayworks (continued) GP9. 8 Establishment charges, overheads and profit shall include 1. Costs link to the employment of labour 2. Costs cogitate to the storage of materials, including handling and waste in storage 3. Contractors administrative arrangements 4. Constructional plant, keep out plant employed exclusively on daywo rks 5. Contractors facilities 6. Temporary works 7. Sundry items. Contingencies GP10 GP 10. 1 Unless otherwise required by the conditions of contract, contingencies shall be given as a sum no item shall be given for the addition of profit.SECTION A GENERAL REQUIREMENTS A1 Conditions of contract A1. 1 A1. 2 Conditions of contract A schedule of the clause headings shall be set out in the bills of quantities. Where there is an appendix to the conditions of contract requiring insertions to be made, a schedule of the insertions shall be set out in the bills of quantities. Specification Where the specification contains clauses related to any of the following General Requirements, the bills of quantities shall realize reference to the appropriate clauses. Restrictions Particulars shall be given of any restrictions, which shall include 1. Access to and possession or use of the set 2.Limitations of working space 3. Limitations of working hours 4. The maintenance of existing services on, u nder or over the site 5. The execution or completion of the work in any specific order, sections or phases 6. Items of a like nature. Contractors administrative arrangements An item shall be given for contractors administrative arrangements, which shall include 1. Site administration 2. inadvertence 3. Security 4. Safety, health and welfare of workpeople 5. Transport of workpeople. Constructional plant An item shall be given for constructional plant, which shall include 1. gauzy plant and tools 2. Scaffolding 3.Cranes and lifting plant 4. Site transport 5. Plant required for specific trades. Employers facilities Particulars shall be given of any facilities required for the employer or the employers representatives, which shall include 1. Temporary accommodation (for example, offices, laboratories, living accommodation), including heating, cooling, lighting, furnishing, attendance or related facilities 2. Telephones, including costs of calls alternatively, the cost of calls may be given as a sum 3. Vehicles 4. Attendance of provide (for example, drivers, laboratory assistants) 5. Equipment (for example, surveyor laboratory equipment) 6.Special requirements for programmes or progress charts 7. Any other facilities (for example, progress photographs, signboards). A2 Specification A2. 1 A3 Restrictions A3. 1 A4 Contractors administrative arrangements A4. l A5 Constructional plant A5. 1 A6 Employers facilities A6. 1 3 A7 A 7. 1 Contractors facilities An item shall be given for facilities required by the contractor, which shall include 1. Accommodation and buildings, including offices, laboratories, compounds, stores, messrooms and living accommodation 2. Temporary fencing, including hoardings, screens, roofs and guardrails 3.Temporary roads, including hardstandings and crossings 4. Water for the works particulars shall be given if wet will be supplied to the contractor 5. Lighting and causation for the works particulars shall be given if current will be suppli ed to the contractor 6. Temporary telephones. Particulars shall be given where the nature or extent of the facilities is not at the politeness of the contractor. Temporary works An item shall be given for temporary works, which shall include 1. Traffic diversion 2. Access roads 3. Bridges 4. Cofferdams 5. Pumping 6. De-watering 7. Compressed air for tunnelling. Particulars shall be given where the nature r extent of the temporary works is not at the politeness of the contractor. Sundry items An item shall be given for sundry items, which shall include 1. Testing of materials 2. Testing of the works 3. protect the works from inclement weather 4. Removing rubbish, protective casings and coverings and cleaning the works at completion 5. Traffic regulations 6. caution of public and private roads 7. Drying the works 8. Control of noise and pollution 9. All statutory obligations Particulars shall be given where the nature or extent of the sundry items is not at the discretion of the c ontractor.Sundry items Temporary works Contractors facilities A7. 2 A8 A8. 1 A8. 2 A9 A9. 1 A9. 2 SECTION B SITE WORK B1 B1. 1 B1. 2 B1. 3 B2 B2. 1 Site exploration generally Keeping records of site observations, site tests and laboratory tests shall be given as an item. Samples, site observations, site tests, a oratory tests an analyses shall be given as an item, Providing reports shall be given as an item. Trial holes Excavating trial holes shall be measurable by depth, taken along the centre telegraph line, stating the number and the maximum depth down the stairs commencing level.Earthwork support which is not at the discretion of the contractor shall be heedful by depth. Boreholes (including pumping test wells) cause boreholes shall be deliberate by depth, taken along the centre line, stating the number and the maximum depth below commencing level raking boreholes shall be so described. lining which is not at the discretion of the contractor shall be metric by depth. Ca p pings shall be enumerated. Boreholes (including pumping test wells) Trial holes Site exploration generally B2. 2 B3 B3. 1 B3. 2 B3. 3 4 B4 Site preparation B4. 1 B4. 2 B4. 3 Site preparation Removing obscure trees shall be enumerated.Removing hedges shall be careful by aloofness. Site clearance, which shall include removing vegetation, undergrowth, bushes, hedges, trees or the like, shall be measured by area. Demolitions and alterations The position of each item shall be given. Unless otherwise stated, old materials shall be dumb to become the property of the contractor and shall be vindicated away old materials required to remain the property of the employer shall be so described. Removing individual fittings, fixtures, engineering installations or the like from an existing structure shall each be given as an item.Demolishing individual structures (or part thereof) shall each be given as an item alternatively, demolishing all structures on a site may be given as an item. ni fty openings in existing structures and alterations to existing structures shall each be given as an item making good all work damaged shall be understood to be included. Temporary screens and roofs shall be given as an item. Shoring Shoring incidental to demolitions and alterations, together with modify away and making good all work damaged, shall be understood to be included.Shoring (other than that incidental to demolitions and alterations) shall be given as an item, stating the location clearing away and making good all work damaged shall be understood to be included. Particulars shall be given where the design of the shoring is not at the discretion of the contractor. Shoring which is required by the specification to be left in position shall be so described. Underpinning Work in underpinning shall be given under an appropriate heading, stating the location. Unless otherwise stated, work shall be measured in compliance with the appropriate sections of this document.Temporary support shall be given as an item particulars shall be given where the design of the temporary support is not at the discretion of the contractor. Excavation shall be measured by volume, taken to the outside line of the projecting foundations or to the outside line of the late foundations (whichever is the greater), classified as follows 1. Excavation in preliminary trenches down to the base of the existing foundations 2. Excavation below the base of the existing foundations. acute away projecting foundations shall be measured by duration.Earthworks generally Any information available concerning the nature of the ground and strata shall be provided with the bills of quantities. The quantities for excavation, dredging or tunnelling shall be understood to be the mountain before excavation, and no allowance shall be made for any orking space or subsequent variation in bulk existing voids shall be deducted. Multiple handling of materials and transporting about the site shall be under stood to be included multiple handling which is required by the specification shall be so described in the item of disposal.Earthwork support shall be given as an item. Excavation in rock shall be so described alternatively, it may be measured as extra over excavation (that is, B5 Demolitions and alterations B5. 1 B5. 2 B5. 3 B5. 4 B5. 5 B6 Shoring B6. 1 B6. 2 B6. 3 B6. 4 B7 Underpinning B7. 1 B7. 2 B7. 3 B7. 4 B7. 5 B8 Earthworks generally B8. 1 B8. 2 B8. 3 B8. 4 B8. 5 5 the volume of rock shall be measured bur no deduction shall be made from the volume of excavation in which the rock occurs). B8. 6 For the purposes of measurement rock is defined as any material met with which is of such size or position that. n the opinion of the employers representative. It can only be removed by means of wedges, special plant or explosives. Excavation Unless otherwise stated, excavation shall be measured by volume as the void which is to be occupied by the permanent construction, or vertically a bove any part of the permanent construction, classified as follows 1. Oversite excavation to remove pull in soil, stating the average depth 2. Excavation to reduce levels 3. Excavation in cuttings 4. Basement excavation 5. Trench excavation to receive foundations, which shall include chain reactor caps and ground beams 6.Pit excavation to receive foundation bases, stating the number 7. Excavation for diaphragm walls, stating the width of the permanent construction and the type of support fluid. Excavation of trenches for service pipes, drain pipes, cables or the like shall each be measured by length, stating the average depth disposal and filling shall be understood to be included. For excavation in tunnelling see clause B24. Dredging Dredging shall be measured by volume, stating the location and limits unless otherwise stated, measurement shall be understood to be taken from soundings.Disposal Disposal of material arising from excavation, dredging or tunnelling shall be measured by volume as equal to the volume of excavation, dredging or tunnelling and each shall be classified as follows 1. Backfilled into excavation 2. Backfilled in making up levels 3. Backfilled oversite to make up levels, giving elaborate of special contouring, embankments or the like 4. Removed, which shall include providing a suitable tip. Filling Filling material (other than that arising from excavation, dredging or tunnelling) shall be measured by volume as equal to the void to be filled, classified as follows 1. Filled into excavation 2.Filled in making up levels 3. Filled oversite to make up levels, giving details of special contouring, embankments or the like. Piling generally For the purposes of measurement, driven piling shall include timber, precast concrete or metal piles. Other piling systems (for example, preformed casing with concrete filling) shall be measured in accordance with the principles for driven piling or bored piling as may be appropriate. Unless otherwise stat ed, funding shall be measured in accordance with Section C. Driven piling Supplying piles shall be measured by length, stating the number reinforcement shall be given separately.Heads and shoes shall be enumerated. Driving piles shall be measured by length, taken from the pile point in contact with the ground when fling to the pile point when driven, stating the number driving piles on rake shall be so described. Cutting off go past of piles and connections for lengthening piles shall be enumerated. Earthworks generally (continued) B9 B9. 1 Excavation B9. 2 B9. 3 B10 B10. 1 Dredging B11 B11. 1 Disposal B12 B12. 1 Filling B13 B13. 1 B13. 2 Piling generally B13. 3 B14 B14. 1 B14. 2 B14. 3 Driven piling B14. 4 6 B15 Bored piling B15. 1Bored piling Boring for piles shall be measured by length, taken from the formation level of the ground to the rear end of the pile hole, stating the number the measurement shall include for blind boring when the pile top is to be below the formation level of the ground. Boring done rock shall be measured by length as extra over boring for piles (that is, the length of boring through rock shall be measured but no deduction shall be made from the total length of boring). Linings for piles shall be measured by length. Disposal of material arising from boring shall be measured in accordance with clause B11.Concrete filling shall be measured by volume. Cutting off tops of piles and forming enlarged bases shall be enumerated. Sheet piling The measurements for sheet piling shall be taken along the centre line. Supplying sheet piling shall be measured by area, taken as the area when in final position. Corner piles or the like shall be measured by length. Driving sheet piling shall be measured by area, taken from the formation level of the ground to the bottom edge of the sheet piling when driven strutting and waling and withdrawing sheet piling shall be understood to be included.Cutting sheet piling shall be measured by length. Sheet piling which is required by the specification to be left in position shall be so described. Performance designed piling Performance designed piles shall be enumerated reinforcement and disposal of material arising from boring shall be understood to be included. Details shall be given when the pile top is to be below the formation level of the ground. Testing piling Testing piling, which shall include trial piles and testing working piles, shall be given as an item.Underground drainage Drain pipes shall be measured by length, taken along the centre line over all fittings drain pipes within inspection chambers or the like shall be so described and shall be understood to drainage include fixings and supports. Drain fittings in the length (for example, bends, junctions) shall be enumerated, grouped together for each size of pipe and described as fittings. Drain accessories (for example, gullies, traps) shall be enumerated concrete surrounds and additional excavation shall be understood to be included.Concrete beds and coverings for drain pipes shall each be measured by length, stating the diameter of the pipe surrounds to vertical pipes shall be so described and shall be understood to include formwork. Inspection chambers or the like shall be enumerated alternatively, they may be measured in accordance ith the relevant sections of this document and given under an appropriate heading. Connections to existing drains shall be enumerated, subject to clause GP8. Paving and surfacing Paving and surfacing shall be measured by area. Expansion joints and ater stops shall be measured by length.B15. 2 B15. 3 B15. 4 B15. 5 B15. 6 B16 Sheet piling B16. 1 B16. 2 B16. 3 B16. 4 B16. 5 B16. 6 B17 B17. 1 B17. 2 B18 Testing piling B18. 1 B19 Underground drainage B19. 1 B19. 2 B19. 3 B19. 4 B19. 5 B19. 6 B20 Paving and surfacing B20. 1 B20. 2 7 B20. 3 B21 B21. 1 Channels, curbs, edgings or the like shall be measured by length curved work shall be so described. Fencing Fencing, which shall include posts and supports in the length, shall be measured by length excavating pits, disposal and filling shall be understood to be included.Special posts (for example, gate posts, straining posts) shall be enumerated excavating pits, disposal and filling shall be understood to be included. Gates, barriers or the like shall be enumerated. Finishes shall be measured in accordance with Section J. Landscaping Cultivating and fertilising ground shall be measured by area. Soiling, seeding and turfing shall be measured by area. Hedges shall be measured by length. Trees and shrubs shall be enumerated. Railway work Track, guard rails and theater director rails shall each be measured by length, taken along the centre line over all fittings curved work shall be so described.Sleepers and chairs shall be enumerated. Switches and crossings shall be enumerated, classified as follows 1. Switches and turnouts 2. adamant crossings 3. Single slip crossings 4. Double slip crossings 5. Other switches and crossings. Ballast shall be measured by volume, without deduction for track, classified as follows 1. Bottom ballast, placed before the track is laid 2. Top ballast, placed subsequently the track is laid. Concrete track foundations shall be measured by length, except that overwidth foundations for switches and crossings shall be measured by area reinforcement and shuttering shall be understood to be included.Bitumen filler to complete rail assemblies shall be measured by length. Buffer stops, wheel stops or the like shall be enumerated. Signalling installations shall be measured in accordance with Section L or Section R. Tunnel excavation Excavation shall be measured by volume as the void which is to be occupied, including the volume of permanent linings, grouped as may be appropriate to identify different lengths and classified as follows 1. Straight tunnels 2. Straight shafts 3. trend tunnels 4. Curved shafts 5. Tapered tunnels 6. Tapered shafts 7.Other cavities, wh ich shall include transitions, breakaways and intersections between shafts and tunnels. Forward probing shall be measured by length, stating the number of probes. For disposal see clause B11. Paving and surfacing (continued) Fencing B21. 2 B21. 3 B21. 4 B22 B22. 1 B22. 2 B22. 3 B22. 4 B23 B23. 1 Landscaping Railway work B23. 2 B23. 3 B23. 4 B23. 5 B23. 6 B23. 7 B23. 8 B24 B24. 1 Tunnel excavation B24. 2 B24. 3 8 B25 Tunnel linings B25. 1 Tunnel linings Poured concrete linings shall be measured by area, stating whether spray or cast concrete, classified as follows 1. lining 2. Secondary lining.Preformed segmental tunnel linings shall be enumerated. Tunnel support and stabilisation Timber supports shall be measured by volume. Sprayed concrete supports and reinforcement shall be measured by area. Rock bolts shall be measured by length. Face packers shall be enumerated. Metal arch supports shall be measured by weight. Injection of grout materials shall be measured by weight. B25. 2 B26 Tunnel support and stabilisation B26. 1 B26. 2 B26. 3 B26. 4 B26. 5 B26. 6 SECTION C CONCRETE WORK C1 Generally C1. 1 C1. 2 Generally Reinforced poured concrete and plain poured concrete shall each be so described.Poured concrete required by the specification to be placed, compacted, cured or otherwise set in a particular manner shall be so described. No deduction shall be made for voids less than 1. 00 m3, nor for the volume of any reinforcement or structural metal enclosed in the concrete, except that voids caused by boxed or tubular structural metalwork shall always be deducted. Unless otherwise described, plane surfaces of concrete shall be understood to be tamped. Poured concrete Unless otherwise stated, poured concrete shall be measured by volume, classified as follows 1. Foundations, which shall include combine or isolated bases 2.Pile caps, which shall include ground beams 3. fulgurous 4. Beds, which shall include roads and footpaths, stating the thickness 5. Suspended slabs, which shall include floors, landings, roofs or the like, stating the thickness 6. Walls, which shall include attached columns, stating the thickness 7. Columns, which shall include casing to metal stancheons 8. Beams (measured below the slab), which shall include lintels and casing to metal beams 9. Staircases, which shall include steps and draw 10. Diaphragm walls 11. Other classifications (for example, tunnel linings, bridge abutments) as may be appropriate.Poured concrete suspended slabs of special construction, including floors, landings, roofs or the like, shall be measured by area coffered and troughed slabs shall be so described, giving details of immobile margins or the like. Where an item is required to be measured by volume and the thickness stated, then items of differing thickness may be grouped together, provided that the range of the different thicknesses is stated. Reinforcement The weight of bar reinforcement shall be the net weight without addition for roll ing margin, supports, spacers or tying wire. Bar reinforcement shall be measured by weight, stating the diameter bars of iffering diameters shall be given separately. Fabric reinforcement shall be measured by area, without addition for laps. C1. 3 C1. 4 C2 Poured concrete C2. 1 C2. 2 C2. 3 C3 Reinforcement C3. 1 C3. 2 C3. 3 9 C3. 4 C4 C4. 1 Reinforcement shall be given as an item where the detailed design work is the responsibility of the contractor. Shuttering Unless otherwise stated, shuttering shall be measured by area, taken as the net area in contact with the finished face of concrete, classified as follows 1. Soffits shuttering to soffits of special construction shall be so described 2. Sloping soffits, which shall include soffits of staircases 3.Sloping upper surfaces, which shall include surfaces more than 15 from level 4. Sides of foundations, which shall include bases, pile caps and ground beams 5. Sides of walls, which shall include attached columns 6. Returns to walls, which shall include ends, projections and reveals of openings or recesses 7. Sides and soffits of beams, which shall include lintels and breaks in soffits isolated beams shall be so described 8. Sides and soffits of sloping beams, which shall include lintels and breaks in soffits isolated beams shall be so described 9. Sides of columns 10. Staircases, which shall include treads, isers and strings but exclude soffits 11. Other classifications (for example, tunnel linings, bridges, bridge abutments) as may be appropriate. Shuttering to edges, which shall include face of curb or upstand or break in upper surface of floor, shall be measured by length items of differing height may be grouped together, provided that the range of different high school is stated. Grooves, which shall include throats, rebates, chamfers or the like, 2500 mm2 sectional area or over shall be measured by length grooves less than 2500 mm2 sectional area shall be understood to be included.Shuttering may be enumer ated where it is more appropriate to do so (for example, decorative features). Shuttering which is required by the specification to be left in position shall be so described. Shuttering to curved, conical and orbiculate surfaces shall each be so described. Shuttering to provide a special finish shall be so described. Unless otherwise stated, if the volume of concrete has not been deducted, shuttering to the faces of a void shall be understood to be included. Precast concrete Moulds for precast units shall be understood to be included.Reinforcement shall be measured in accordance with clause C3 and given under an appropriate heading alternatively, it may be described in the item. Floor slabs, partition slabs or the like shall be measured by area. . Lintels, sills, duct covers or the like shall be measured by length alternatively, duct covers may be measured by area. Structural units (for example, beams, stanchions, tunnel rings) shall be enumerated. Padstones, cappings or the like s hall be enumerated. Prestressed concrete Prestressed concrete work shall be given under an appropriate heading.Prestressed concrete shall be measured by volume, classified in accordance with clause C2. Reinforcement shall be measured in accordance with clause C3 supporting mark wires or cables shall be measured by weight. Shuttering shall be measured in accordance with clause C4, stating whether to pre-tensioned or post-tensioned members. Sundries Surfaces finished to falls or cross-falls shall be measured by area. Reinforcement (continued) Shuttering C4. 2 C4. 3 C4. 4 C4. 5 C4. 6 C4. 7 C4. 8 C5 C5. 1 C5. 2 Precast concrete C5. 3 C5. 4 C5. 5 C5. 6 C6 C6. 1 C6. 2 C6. 3 Prestressed concrete C6. 4 C7 C7. 1 Sundries 0 Sundries (continued) C7. 2 C7. 3 C7. 4 C7. 5 Surface finishes shall be measured by area, except that tamped finishes shall be understood to be included. Expansion material or the like shall be measured by area. Designed joints, water stops, cast-in channels or the like sh all be measured by length. Forming sinkings, channels or the like shall be measured by length and, where appropriate, the item may include additional excavation, hardcore, shuttering and concrete alternatively, they may be enumerated. Fixings, ties, inserts or the like shall be enumerated alternatively, they may be measured by area.Mortices, holes or the like shall be understood to be included. C7. 6 C7. 7 SECTION D MASONRY D1 Generally D1. 1 D1. 2 D2 Walls and piers D2. 1 Generally Sloping, battering and curved work shall each be so described. Reinforced masonry shall be so described. Walls and piers Walls and piers shall be measured by area, classified as follows 1. Walls integral piers shall be measured as walls of combined pier and wall thickness 2. Walls built against other construction 3. Cavity walls measured as a composite item, including skins and bodily cavity alternatively, the skins and cavity may each be measured by area.Closing cavity walls at ends or around openings shall be understood to be included 4. Isolated piers. Faced or fair confront work shall each be so described alternatively, it may be measured as extra over walls, stating whether faced or fair faced on one or both sides (that is, the area of faced or fair faced work shall be measured but no deduction shall be made from the area of walling on which the faced or fair faced work occurs). Sills, etc. Sills, copings, oversailing or receding courses or the like shall be measured by length. Arches shall be measured by length.Reinforcement Reinforcement shall be measured in accordance with clause C3 alternatively, stuff reinforcement may be measured by length. Sundries Concrete filling to cavities shall be measured by area. Expansion joints or the like shall be measured by length. Air bricks or the like shall be enumerated. D2. 2 D3 Sills, etc. D3. 1 D3. 2 D4 Reinforcement D4. 1 D5 Sundries D5. 1 D5. 2 D5. 3 SECTION E METALWORK E1 Generally E1. 1 Generally The weight of metalwork shall be the net weight, without addition for rolling margin or welding material and without deduction for holes, splay cuts, notches or the like.Welded, riveted or bolted work shall each be so described. Structural metalwork Unless otherwise stated, structural metalwork shall be measured by weight, classified as follows 1. Grillages 2. Beams 3. Stanchions E1. 2 E2 Structural metalwork E2. 1 11 4. 5. 6. 7. E2. 2 E2. 3 E2. 4 E2. 5 Portal frames, stating the number Roof trusses, stating the number Support steelwork, which shall include sheeting rails, braces, struts or the like Other classifications, as may be appropriate. Structural metalwork (continued) Fittings (for example, caps, brackets) shall be given as an item.Fixings (for example, bolts, distance pieces, rivets) shall be given as an item. Wedging and grouting bases or the like shall be enumerated. Holding down bolts or the like shall be enumerated temporary boxes and grouting shall be understood to be included. Protective treatmen t shall be given as an item. Non-structural metalwork Floor plates, duct covers, sheet metal coverings and linings or the like shall be measured by area. Bearers, balustrades, handrails (except where included with a staircase), frames or the like shall be measured by length.Matwell frames, cat ladders, gates, staircases or the like shall be enumerated. Non-structural metalwork E2. 6 E3 E3. 1 E3. 2 E3. 3 SECTION F WOODWORK F1 F1. 1 Generally Timber which is sawn (that is, not milled) and timber which is finished (that is, milled) shall each be so described. Descriptions of timber members shall state whether the sizes are basic (that is, before machining) or finished (that is, milled, within permitted deviations). Structural timbers Structural timbers shall be measured by length, classified as follows 1. Floors and flat roofs 2.Pitched roofs 3. Walls 4. Kerbs, bearers or the like 5. Cleats, sprockets or the like. Strutting and bridging between joists shall be measured by length, take n overall the joists. Boarding and flooring Unless otherwise stated, embarkment and flooring shall be measured by area, without addition for joints or laps, classified as follows 1. Floors, which shall include landings 2. Walls, which shall include returns, reveals of openings or recesses and attached and uncommitted columns 3. Ceilings, which shall include attached and unattached beams and soffits of staircases 4.Roofs, which shall include tops and cheeks of dormers and sides and bottoms of gutters, stating whether flat, sloping or vertical firring pieces and bearers shall be understood to be included. Eaves and verge boards, which shall include fascias, barge boards or the like, shall be measured by length. Fillets and rolls shall be measured by length. Grounds and battens Open-spaced grounds and battens shall be measured by area, taken overall. Individual grounds and battens shall be measured by length. Framework Framework shall be measured by area, taken overall alternatively, it may be measured by length.Framework Grounds and battens Boarding and flooring Structural timbers Generally F1. 2 F2 F2. 1 F2. 2 F3 F3. 1 F3. 2 F3. 3 F4 F4. 1 F4. 2 F5 F5. 1 12 F6 Finishings and fittings F6. 1 Finishings and fittings Finishings shall be measured by length, classified as follows 1. Cover fillets, which shall include architraves, skirtings or the like 2. Beads, which shall include stops or the like 3. Edgings, which shall include window boards, nosings or the like. Unless otherwise stated, fittings shall be measured by length, classified as follows 1. Work tops, which shall include seats or the like 2. Handrails or balustrades.Shelving shall be measured by area alternatively, it may be measured by length. Backboards or the like shall be enumerated. Built-up members shall be so described. Plastic coverings or the like shall be described with the item on which they occur, stating whether on one or more faces alternatively, they may be measured separately by area. Shee t linings shall be measured by area, classified as follows 1. Walls, which shall include returns, reveals of openings or recesses and attached and unattached columns 2. Ceilings, which shall include attached and unattached beams and soffits of staircases.Composite items Unless otherwise stated, composite items (which shall mean items which might be fancied off-site whether or not they are fabricated off-site) shall be enumerated all metal work or the like shall be understood to be included. Any associated work (for example, decorations) shall be measured in accordance with the relevant sections of this document. Sundry items Finished surfaces on sawn items shall be measured by length. Metalwork Metalwork items associated with carpentry shall be enumerated alternatively, waterbars or the like may be measured by length. Ironmongery Units or sets of ironmongery shall be enumerated.F6. 2 F6. 3 F6. 4 F6. 5 F6. 6 F6. 7 F7 Composite items F7. 1 F7. 2 F8 Sundry items F8. 1 F9 Metalwork F9. 1 F10 Ironmongery F10. 1 SECTION G THERMAL AND MOISTURE PROTECTION G1 Generally G1. 1 G1. 2 G2 Coverings and linings G2. l Generally Work shall be measured flat without addition for laps or seams. Curved, spherical and conical work shall each be so described. Coverings and linings Unless otherwise stated, roofing, tanking, waterproof coveri