Market Entry Strategy of Cool Jewels Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the Market Entry Strategy of Cool Jewels. Answer: Presentation Cool Jewels of Australia is anticipating present its market in China as the organization is confident about the extension of its branches in different nations. China is viewed as the third biggest nation on the planet after Russia and Canada. The nation is situated along the Pacific Oceans coastline (Ming 2012). It is covering a territory of 9.7 million square and it has a coastline running 18,000 kilometers. It lies in the East of Asia. The atmosphere of China is likewise differing going from tropical to subarctic atmosphere. The nation has for the most part mountains and levels and great wellspring of mineral assets. The current populace of China is 1.38 billion and it contains 18.47% of the all out universes populace. The significant urban areas and towns as per the populace in China are Guangzhou, Sahnghai, Chongqing and Beijing (Ming 2012). Social condition of China Language: Mandarin is the official language of China and it is additionally known by the name Putonghua which is really founded on the vernacular of Beijing (Simmons 2013). Religion: In China individuals are for the most part supposed to be skeptic. 20% individuals are following Taosim and Confucianism and 6% are Buddhists. Customs: China is viewed as a bigger nation and people groups conventions additionally will in general differ by its geology and furthermore by ethnicity. China has 56 minority bunches dependent on ethnicity. The biggest gathering is known by the name Han Chinese and it has around 900 million of individuals (Simmons 2013). Culture: China puts stock in conventional culture which depends on congruity, astuteness, devotion and exemplary nature. The conventional worth is exemplified in the discretion of China through the idea of agreement and grasping the customary estimations of China. Disposition: From the perspective of mentality, Chinese individuals are known for their neighborliness and they are very save. Material Culture: The material culture speaks to the item which shifts from the tablet of predecessor and oil lights to the frill including the catches of Mandarin. There are likewise assortments of geometric compasses made by the geometric producer and ink sticks which was made for the administration of Qing (Simmons 2013). World of politics of China The Government arrangements are inspiring and energize business for the untouchables and to top it, the principles and guidelines are not changing much of the time and that is the reason it would be simpler for the outside business to thrive in China (Hua and Nathan 2016). The burden of levies, exchange and sponsorships on occasion present issues for the new organizations to do their business. Need to purchase the neighborhood enactments, limitations on administrations and furthermore the nearness of not under any condition acceptable preparing framework may make a few difficulties for the new organization thrive. China likewise so as to improve its GDP must invite the outside organizations for the business offices and great foundations (Hua and Nathan 2016). Topographical components of China The atmosphere of China will in general shift from district to area since the nation is colossal. The North and Central Regions of China endure visit precipitation having cold winters and blistering summers. Social tastes Among the social tastes of China, the interest of gem dealer confronted a ceaseless development in China. Different factors, for example, Economic elements of China says that throughout the previous five years, the economy of China has encountered the high development pace of GDP and that is the reason it is inviting different organizations to prosper in their market (Ho 2014). Social Factors, for example, the expansion in the populace development and increment in the preference for jewelleries in the nation, Company like Cool Jewels would confront significant climb in their organization (Ho 2014). Innovative elements: New items are being made and furthermore new creation of the innovation through the working of the portable media communications, this can likewise may profit the organization for pursuing on the web exchange with the purchasers (Ho 2014). SWOT examination of Cool Jewels Quality: Cool Jewels sell high caliber and one of a kind method of planned adornments and these structures can pull in the individuals of China. The organization has selective stores in US, Australia. The organization likewise offers the best precious stones. It likewise has perceivability of good brand. With the expansion of GDP in China, the organization can prosper well in the nation (Wholesale Fashion Jewelry by Cool Jewels 2017). Shortcoming: In China, the organization needs to confront extreme rivalry with different markets of China. It additionally does not have its essence in the Asian nations. The shop sprinters need to know the neighborhood language Mandarin to comprehend the clients request (Wholesale Fashion Jewelry by Cool Jewels 2017) Opportunity: There is a major degree in the sorted out parts of gems in China. The Company is likewise concentrating on the estimating put together rivalry and furthermore centering with respect to the quality to make its essence noticeable. (Discount Fashion Jewelry by Cool Jewels 2017) Dangers: The dangers incorporate therisky the board of the shop as in China there win a lot of social uncertainties while taking care of a shop. The principle issues may include with respect to the cost decrease in the Chinese markets. The organization may confront issues in China with respect to the privileges of the customers and the approval of the agreements (Wholesale Fashion Jewelry by Cool Jewels 2017). Suggestions To make its solid nearness in China, Cool Jewels need to deal with the gold adornments as the needs of the gold in China are more than other mineral. The promoting can happen to make the situation of the firm solid can occur through handouts, media fascination or public exhibitions so as to make the companys position firm. The organization can enter the Chinese market through direct sending out which incorporate the parts of the exchanges, capacity to know the clients and furthermore help to grow a superior comprehension of the spot of the market (Cavusgil et al. 2014). The conceivable method to enter the market is to look for help from the Business advisors of China and Australia. End The Cool gems must follow the significant variables thinking about the PEST of China. Simultaneously, the organization needs to chip away at the gold adornments and so as to make its foundation firm, it can do it through the public exhibitions. The organization can likewise make its entrance through the procedure of direct sending out with the assistance of the business specialists of China. China is developing business sector and an organization can see a splendid future ahead. References Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. what's more, Rose, E.L., 2014.International business. Pearson Australia. Ho, J.K.K., 2014. Detailing of a foundational PEST examination for key analysis.European scholastic research,2(5), pp.6478-6492. Hua, S. what's more, Nathan, A.J., 2016.Chinese Political Culture. Routledge.management Ming, D.E.N.G., 2012. Establishment Distance, Demonstration and Location of Chinas OFDI [J].Journal of International Trade,2, p.013. Simmons, I.G., 2013.Interpreting nature: Cultural developments of the earth. Routledge. Discount Fashion Jewelry by Cool Jewels . 2017.Wholesale Fashion Jewelry by Cool Jewels . [online] Available at: https://www.cooljewels.com/[Accessed 8 Aug. 2017].

Defending A Mans Honor Essay Example For Students

Safeguarding A Mans Honor Essay Safeguarding a Mans HonorThe principle male characters in Shakespeares play Othello execute their spouses so as to shield their own respect. In the period setting of the play, to show respect, ladies are relied upon to be compliant to their spouses. The characters Iago and Othello mirror this demeanor toward their separate spouses, giving them motivation to feel just in murdering these ladies. Iago executes Emilia since she shames him by uncovering his control of Othello and Cassio. Othello chokes Desdemona as a result of envisioned unfaithfulness, which makes him resemble a dolt. The two men have various thoughts of respect, see their own fair status in an unexpected way, have various associations with their spouses, and various sentiments of regret. At last the two of them execute their spouses to shield their own respect. Glad, honorable, and daring warrior Othello is very much regarded and his military aptitudes and undertakings are broadly known. He is alluring, beguiling, indep endent and all around voyaged. These character attributes made Desdemona experience passionate feelings for him, and by these, he quantifies his respectability. His estimates his self-esteem by the manner in which he is seen by others. That is the primary motivation behind why he sees Desdemonas affirmed treachery as demolishing his respect. It makes him appear as though a bonehead and he feels that he has been exploited in light of the fact that he is indiscreet and new to the insidious sexual acts of Venice ladies. Othello is likewise extremely trusting. Obviously, the inquiry is the reason he trusts Iago and questions his significant other. He accepts legit Iago without question since Iago had served in the military with him and is for the most part respected by all to be a genuine man. The sentiments of being a pariah and shaky in his economic wellbeing are Othellos character blemishes and Iago to exploits these Achilles mends. For Iago, misdirection, controlling, and killing are natural. It doesnt happen to him that he will be gotten and he doesnt have any heart about what he has done. These attributes show that Iago is self-ingested and out for himself. He is additionally voracious and envious and plots to make everybody around him despondent, while looking for position and respect. High position and respect begins his scorn of Othello. Iago considers Othello to be being underneath him as a result of his race, however having all the magnificence and respect that he desires. The issue that i s finally too much to bear, Cassio being made lieutenant over him, makes him make a move and plot his retribution. This hit to his pride and respect is his inspiration to connect with Othello into an envious and furious wrath, and brings Othello down to his level. Othello and Desdemona love one another, yet for various reasons. In his uncertainty about being a pariah, wedding Desdemona gives him an approach to be incorporated among the nobles of Venice. She gives him status and the respect he needs. Othello sees Desdemona quitting any pretense of everything to be with him. Desdemona shields her union with her dad and different nobles by saying I saw Othellos look in his brain/And to his distinctions and his valiant parts,/Did I my spirit and fortunes bless. His respectable and honorable nature was one reason she began to look all starry eyed at him in any case. Indeed, even on her deathbed, she covers for him when asked who did this to her truism, NobodyI myself. Goodbye. /Commend m e to my thoughtful master. O, goodbye! Very little is expounded on Iago and Emilias marriage other than she was a lot of limited by obligation. When she takes the hanky for him she asks, What will you do witht, that you have been so sincere to have me filch it? He answers Why, what is that to you? He doesnt trust in her as Macbeth did Lady Macbeth. They didn't fill in as an association, the attention was on Iago and his aspirations. She attempts to face him, If it be not for some reason for import,/Give me once more. What's more, he just advises her to leave, excusing her. He doesnt show any affection or gratefulness for her all through the play, however she stays steady in her wifely obligation. Othello eventually executes Desdemona in light of the fact that he loses his control of his interests. He ordinarily has a lot of restraint. It is simpler for him to accept she would sell out him since she effectively sold out her dad. His trust in Iagos noteworthy character drives him to q uestion his affections for his significant other and acquaints another feeling with Othellojealousy. Iago assumes on Othellos new job as a spouse since Othello and Desdemona were just hitched a brief timeframe and havent had the option to manufacture the sort of trust that originates from an involved acquaintance. Since Othello is so confident, it is difficult for him to consequently place that trust in another person. Her envisioned betrayal derides his respect and his frailty making him imagine that he is such a pariah, that he doesnt even realize that ladies in Venice consistently carry on issues. As a result of his instability, it was simpler for him to imagine that she was making a nitwit of him as opposed to assuming the best about her. Iago murders Emilia to conceal his own insidious deeds. Significantly after Iago advises her to hold her tongue, Emilia chooses to come clean instead of let the nobles imagine that Desdemona was fit for unfaithfulness. She tells how Iago has co ntrolled her and Othello. Iago slaughters her after she uncovers his misdirection and he can't cover for himself. Emilia concedes that she gave her better half the cloth, Iagos just unmistakable evidence of Desdemonas betrayal, since he implored her to take it. Emilia has consistently been a decent spouse by being obedient and respecting her better half. As she recounts to the tale about what occurred, Iago says Zounds, hold your tranquility! /Be shrewd, and get you home. She protects Desdemonas respect and hollers at Othello, Murdrous dandy! What should such a simpleton do with so great a spouse? The decent Iago shows weakness and escapes in the wake of slaughtering his own better half before the nobles. Indeed, even at the time he is going to kill her, Othello shows his affection for Desdemona by kissing her and saying, Be in this manner when thou workmanship dead and I will kill thee, and love the after. /One more (kiss) and that is the last! /So sweet was neer so lethal, I shoul d sob,/yet they are savage tears. /This distresses superb; It strikes where it doth love. He has cherished her profoundly right to her final gasp, yet rather than bite the bullet and live with her alleged unfaithfulness, he executes his genuine affection. While slaughtering Desdemona, he feels it is his entitlement to murder her since she has done such a colossal shamefulness to him. In his regret in the wake of slaughtering Desdemona, he understands how his pride and respect has done and how he has been controlled by his trust in the fair IagoIago feels no regret since his wants come comes over every single others. While he additionally feels it is his entitlement to murder his better half, he believes he is just securing himself since she won't do what she is told. By respect, he implies that Emilia must do everything required by him, right or wrong. His respect is imperative to such an extent that he will get it and safeguard it using any and all means, as appeared in his mischie vous dealings all through the play. These ladies would have done anything asked of them, particularly with regards to their spouses respect. They adored them, however in an unexpected way, and would not have successfully shame their spouses or themselves. At long last, they guarded their spouses respect with their own lives. For Iago and Othello, the lives of their spouses implied less to them than their own fair status. English

Is there evidence that Withania somnifera is effective in tumor Dissertation

Is there proof that Withania somnifera is successful in tumor concealment - Dissertation Example At present, plant items have just been utilized as a standard chemotherapeutic specialist. For instance, vinblastine (from periwinkle (Catharanthus)) and paclitaxel (from Yew tree (variety Taxus)) are as of now a piece of chemotherapeutic choices utilized against malignant growth (Choudhary et al., 2010). Since a high number of people despite everything experience the ill effects of malignant growth, the quest is as yet continuous for the compound, both common and manufactured, that can ideally diminish the disease caused death rate extensively. Withania somnifera, regularly called as Ashwagandha, is an individual from Solanaceae family, together with Nicotiana (tobacco), Solanum (potato), and Capsicum (pepper). In home grown medication, W. somnifera has just been utilized against different wellbeing conditions. In Pakistan, it has been utilized against respiratory issues (Choudhary et al., 2010). In India, it has been perceived as a love potion and strengthening medication (Choudhar y et al., 2010). The plant is likewise utilized against intestinal ulcers, rectal draining and fractious gut (Pawar et al., 2011). A few withanolides separated from Ashwagandha were likewise found to have hostile to glycation, perhaps against diabetes, and hostile to pyretic impacts (Choudhary et al., 2010). ... Proof OF TUMOR SUPPRESSION ACTIVITY OF Withania somniferous In this writing audit, four diary articles, extending from 2003 to 2011, were investigated. The vast majority of the strategies utilized by these investigations are in vitro, and just one utilizing in vivo, in spite of the fact that in an exploratory model (rodents). Google researcher was utilized as an internet searcher, with the outcomes restricted to 2000 to 2011. The inquiry terms utilized were â€Å"Withania somnifera cancer†. Later in this paper, the nature of the examination would be evaluated for the most part dependent on the strategies utilized in the cleansing and action tests. Movement of rough methanolic separate against NCI-H460 Compounds from the leaves and stems of W. somnifera were tried for its enemy of proliferative movement against human lung disease cell line NCI-H460 in vitro. In this examination by Choudhary et al. (2010), tried for development inhibitory and cytotoxic exercises were the (1) unr efined methanolic concentrate of W. somnifera, (2-4) three secludes, and the positive control (5) doxorubicin. The detaches were acquired utilizing silica gel chromatography. They were then described utilizing mass spectrometry and NMR. One of the three mixes were recognized as withaferin, some time the other two were seen as its chlorinated steroidal lactone and epoxide subordinates, individually. In testing their movement, GI50, or the fixation causing half development hindrance of NCI-H460 cells, and LC50, or the focus causing the passing of half of a similar malignant growth cell line, were estimated for all the five test substances. The got information were looked at utilizing single direction ANOVA and Duncan’s different range test (p < 0.05) utilizing SPSS 17 program. At long last, the report additionally referenced the nearness of different examinations that affirm the development inhibitory action of withaferin An against other

The Nuiances of College Compare and Contrast Essay Samples

The Nuiances of College Compare and Contrast Essay Samples New Step by Step Roadmap for College Compare and Contrast Essay Samples To begin with, you can include as many paragraphs as possible based on the ideas which you have. If you'll write a comparative essay, you will need to get a notion of the impacts of unique aspects to the result that you can get at the conclusion of the writing activity. You wish to synthesize your thesis with the data in your body paragraphs. It is crucial to choose a minumum of one example and produce a paragraph with the counter-argument too. It is possible to also order a fully written compare and contrast essay and alleviate the quantity of work you need to do. There are plenty of sources from where you are able to gather information on your subjects but ensure that you always go with facts. 1 outstanding way to discover the very best comparison or contrast essays is to search for contest winning essays on the net. Once you establish the com parison items you needs to do some appropriate research so you have sufficient info on both to be in a position to do an appropriate comparison. Introduction with the potent hook and thesis statement stays the same. It is a necessity if you would like your writing procedure to be easier and clear. There are additionally some lessons that you will need to always keep in mind before you get started writing your essay. The next thing to do is to begin writing. A thriving paper always has a very good title. To compose a high-quality paper, you've got to understand how to pick your topic properly and utilize it to create a practical outline. Writing tips can help you organize the outline and compose the essay. So far as the students are involved, writing a research paper is among the toughest and frustrating endeavor in their opinion. Both small and big universities can provide students with the opportunities to realize educational targets. It's common to be assigned to compose essays in every area of study, not just when taking a composition class. You just have to order an excellent essay from experts with the greatest academic degrees in a number of fields. Because private schools provide no such incentives, those who decide to attend them often do so since they think that school is the ideal place for them to get strong education. When you decide to attend college, you must choose whether you intend to visit a private school, or whether you wish to attend a public one. Every student was assigned a compare and contrast essay at least one time in a lifetime. For example, the authentic teacher knows the way to engage the audience and turn class into an intriguing demonstration of knowledge. The Meaning of College Compare and Contrast Essay Samples So as to continue to keep your essay informative and engaging, you will want to source for factual information which not only impresses the reader but also teaches them something they might not have already known. Moreover, by having a professional writer create your work you can make sure it will be to a very substantial standard and the simple fact that we offer totally free revisions b asically guarantees that the work is going to be to the high quality that you need. For instance, you may assist the reader see a meaningful connection between both subjects. Now that you're conscious of the dangers of utilizing a compare and contrast essay sample, and the simple fact that trying to find one is many times a time-consuming process in itself, you could be wondering whether or not a custom written essay service may help you. You may write literature review in which you reveal your sources and the way they helped in your discussion. When it can be less painful to write on a well-known topic, with a little bit of research and organization, a writer can make an essay on a number of subject areas if assigned. Don't forget, exactly like in different kinds of essays, thorough research is extremely relevant here, too. Since you may see, the topics are broken up into multiple categories so it would be simpler that you select one. You may use the suggested topics as inspiration for your own, or you could simply opt to write about one you enjoy the most. Before you begin, it's imperative to choose topics which you really know well. It's needless to mention your topics ought to be precise and on point. College Compare and Contrast Essay Samples - Is it a Scam? To put it differently analytical work is likely from you. You have to present your topic, clearly, and also your thesis statement that has the function of indicating to your readers what is the probable path of the whole work. For instance, if you wish to write about two different historical figures, it makes sense to select two great artists instead of an artist and a politician. Or you're risking of getting blocked by bad understanding of your topic and inability to come up with the idea as it needs to be. Getting the Best College Com pare and Contrast Essay Samples By taking into account both your targets and your own personal taste, it is going to be easy that you establish which kind of school is best for you. The very first thing you ought to do is identify the kind of compare and contrast essay which you're handling. Just use all you can remember from this issue you're working with. Finding the perfect topic isn't the hardest job in the planet, all you need to do is to take a few factors into account. When you receive the title and aspects to compare but without a definite number of criteria to cover similarities and differences, you've got to brainstorm. After the essay demands a large number of approaches to explore, it's important to understand how to organize it correctly in an attempt to guarantee easy reading. Some essays might only speak about similarities, though others might only speak about differences. A very good compare-and-contrast essay goes beyond a very simple listing of similaritie s and differences to earn a meaningful statement about a bigger topic.

Teamwork wins Championship - 1511 Words

Team work wins Championship! â€Å"Talent wins games, but teamwork and intelligence wins championship.†1 I must say what an awesome saying by Michael Jordan! He beautifully portrays the success of teamwork. As nowadays, the challenge for companies is to deliver quickly and flexibly new quality products and services in order to respond to greater and changing demands from clients. â€Å"Standardization† and â€Å"specialization† characterize traditional work organization; the work is divided into different segments, and workers perform their tasks individually, specializing in their field. However, specialization, control and routine are suitable when a constant demand for standardized products applies. However, for a fast changing demand, this method†¦show more content†¦Thus, better solutions to problems are found as those most closely connected with the work participate in suggesting answers.6 Case study of Starbucks Corporation will further help to illustrate the concept. Starbucks Corporation is the most famous chain of retail coffee shops in the world. In 1971 it started with three owners and in 1982 a sales representative, Howard Schultz, of the house ware business in New York joined them. When he had a vocation to Italy, he experienced an entirely different coffee culture. He wanted to adopt that in Starbucks but the initial owners rejected the idea. Therefore, he chose to establish a new coffee shop, named II Gironale. In two years his business was so successful that the three owners of Starbucks decided to sell their business to Schultz. His work strategy worked so well that in 2007 he was ranked as the 16th best company. Schultz was so successful due to his business culture, beliefs and attitudes. He believed that â€Å"the tip of success is not coffee but employees.† Hence, motivation is the vital factor for business in the process of making their productio n. As â€Å"labours are not working machines, so they can not always do the same affairs with equal passion.† Accordingly the efficient method to make staffs keen on their jobs should be to motivate them. As Nicholson (1998) also reported that â€Å"workers had strong social needs which they tried to satisfy through membership of informal social groups at workplace.†7 Therefore,Show MoreRelatedSoftball For Many People Is The Way Of Life, We Eat, Sleep, And Play Softball927 Words   |  4 Pageslike this will help each other improve on the simple things, like the perfect swing, or the perfect play. Friendship can win championships, because everyone knows what your strong point is, and talk to you when you aren’t trying that hard. And when you know how to talk with everyone they will soon find out how important this is for everyone. And want to help win the championship for the ones that want it most. At the end of each day its more than a friendship, it’s more like a family. Everyone comesRead MoreTeamwork And Leadership : Remember The Titans1699 Words   |  7 PagesTEAMWORK AND LEADERSHIP IN REMEMBER THE TITANS Introduction The dynamics of teamwork and leadership can be seen throughout the film â€Å"Remember the Titans.† The advantages and disadvantages of teams, norms and cohesiveness, and the stages of team development, are exemplified on multiple occurrences. This report will analyze these dynamics and provide examples of how they are displayed in the film. Advantages of Teams Throughout the film, there were many instances of the advantages of being part ofRead MoreDon Jackson, The Best Nba Head Coach1106 Words   |  5 Pagesas a great head coach, he was an ordinary athlete. Jackson recruited to North Dakota University basketball team. While attending the college, he helped his team win third-and-fourth-place finishes in the NCAA Division II championships. Coach Jackson understands the only collecting a set of outstanding players will not make a championship team. His approach was the problem or project having components in four different spheres which are Mental, logical, scientific, technical and Systems or how theRead MoreDuke University Essay1661 Words   |  7 Pageswon five national championships in their years as a university. They have won a championship in: 1991, 1992, 2001, 2010, and 2015. This ranks them fourth all-time, trailing only: UCLA, who had Hall-of-Famer Lew Alcindor, known today as Kareem Abdul-Jabbar; Kentucky; and North Carolina . The 2015 NCAA Championship winning Duke team is arguably most memorable team in the university’s legendary history. During this season, the Blue Devils finished with a record of thirty-five wins and four losses, theRead MoreRemember The Titans Is An Inspirational Story Of Racial Struggle970 Words   |  4 Pagessport. It is a favorite sport to watch on TV and people love football because of its strategic concept of offense and defense plays for success. Football combines running, kicking and passing all in one game and the team with the best skills usually wins. The movie, Remember the Titans take place in 1971 at a desegregated T.C. Williams High School in a racist city, Alexandria, Virginia. The beginning of the movie sets the tone of the storyline of how negative relationships between differentRead MoreTeamwork And Collaboration : How It s Integrated Into Education, Nursing Practice, And Attitude848 Words   |  4 Pages QSEN: Teamwork and Collaboration Teamwork is simply stated as less me and more we. With teamwork and collaboration, many wonderful things can be achieved especially in the healthcare profession. Anesthesiologists, CRNAs, surgeons, and O.R. nurses were interviewed regarding quality and importance of collaboration. Each profession rated 81-96% high for the importance of collaboration (Dellinger, 2016). The purpose of this paper is to discuss teamwork and collaboration and how it relates to knowledgeRead MoreMvp by Clare Mishica777 Words   |  4 PagesDerek wants to be the most valuable player on his basketball team instead of Cole so much that he forgets to be a team player. When Cole gets hurt, Derek realizes how much more important the trophy and being a part of the team is than getting MVP. Teamwork is always more efficient than trying to achieve something individually because a person can do very little alone, but together we can accomplish a lot. The saying, â€Å"Two heads are better than one,† goes alo ng with this perfectly. There are eightRead MoreAnalysis Of Moments In A Championship Tale1463 Words   |  6 PagesMoments in a Championship Tale From Suspension to Winning State Championship! Don’t panic. The most daunting thing about our soccer season will reveal itself. Ever wonder how a soccer team won the state championship title with half the team suspended from three to six games? Well I have the answers to those question, just keep reading. Hold on, why are you curious? Is there something about a great sports story that transcends audiences? Perhaps it is because we are seemingly hardwired to root forRead MoreSports Should Be Mandatory Essay918 Words   |  4 Pagesschools there are sports teams. Most schools in Ontario have sport teams but it should be mandatory for a student to play at least one sport every school year. It should be mandatory to play sports because students will get involved, sports build teamwork skills, and the students will be healthier and more active. Firstly, Students will get involved in the school. This will allow them to make new friends and try out different activities. Should students get involved in? Is it important to get involvedRead MoreDiscussion At The Bar Scene1454 Words   |  6 Pagesus the most prominent action demonstrated, mainly by the character O’Callahan. Fight is characterized by a perceived competition within the group. It occurs when two or more people contest each other’s ideas, aiming for their opinion to essentially win out. Fight can be both functional and dysfunctional. When fight stays at the surface, focusing on only the ideas and not become personal then it can be considered a healthy way for team members to voice their opinions. On the other hand, when fight

Eating Disorders And Its Impact On Society - 1646 Words

Eating Disorders and Its Impact on Society Brett White Tallahassee Community College Psychology 1101 Michelle Peruche November 06, 2015 Abstract Eating disorders are very common in today’s society and can cause death if an intervention isn’t performed. While working in the hospital and being part of the wrestling team in high school I’ve witness several people with this disorder. Anorexia and bulimia are the most prevalent and generally are accompanied by another psychological disorder. Many individuals suffer from more than one disorder and almost half of people who have anorexia develop bulimia or bulimic patterns. Although there is no specific cause we do know that women are more likely to suffer from anorexia or bulimia. The key to fighting anorexia and bulimia is to identify who is at risk, identify the symptoms, identify the warning signs, and seek treatment. Eating Disorders and Its Impact on Society An eating disorder is an illness some people suffer from due to an obsession with food, body image, or weight. These people struggle to have control over their bodies even if it means making decision that affects their overall health. Having a severe disturbance in eating habits and related thoughts and emotions can lead to death. Eating disorders have the highest mortality rate of any mental illness according to Eating Disorder Statistics. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia are two of the most common types of eating disorders in the UnitedShow MoreRelatedEating Disorder Reflection Paper1341 Words   |  6 PagesReflection on impact of societal ideas on body image and eating disorder. Nah! you are not skinny enough, no one wants a fat guy or a girl, do not eat that you will never get skinny, sadly but truly we are consistently being reminded with phrases like these to pursue a socially accepted thin and trimmed figure. Eating disorders are chronic and serious illness that engages a person into severe irregular eating behaviors to satisfy their distress about maintaining a thin figure and low body weightRead MoreMapping the Issue: Eating Disorders Essay1225 Words   |  5 Pagesdevelopment of the media such as television, the internet, various fashion magazines and commercial advertisements, society focused more and more on personal appearances. Not only were runway models becoming slimmer but the viewers that watched and read about them were becoming more concerned with their weight. In the past fifty years the number of adolescent girls developing eating disorders increased just as television, advertisements, and magazines were becoming a social norm that was ea sily and oftenRead MoreThe Influence Of Media Reporting On Society s Perception Of Beauty1730 Words   |  7 Pagessociocultural factors contribute to the development of eating disorders as well as how society s perception of beauty has been distorted. This paper will further support the notion that societies perception of a female’s beauty is determined by their perceived body image, which in turn has a direct effect on teenage girls and plays a primary role in the development of eating disorders such as anorexia. There are two main types of eating disorders: anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. The term ‘anorexiaRead MoreThe Impact Of Media On Body Dysmorphic Disorder Essay1733 Words   |  7 Pagesbody of the model and not think much of it. But for those who suffer from Body Dysmorphic Disorder, this will affect them in a completely different way. Body Dysmorphic Disorder is â€Å"a body image disorder characterized by persistent and intrusive preoccupations with an imagined or slight defect in one’s appearance† (ADAA, 2014). The impact that advertisements can have on those suffering from Body Dysmorphic Disorder, can be crucial to their mental health. These individuals will begin to obsess over changingRead MorePsychopathology And Culture : The Epidemic Of Eating Disorders1396 Words   |  6 PagesThe Epidemic of Eating Disorders By: Bernadette Oldfield Dr. Van Arsdale Abnormal Psychology 6 May 2015 Throughout cultures, mental disorders vary immensely. In some cultures, certain disorders are considered taboo and not even recognized, in other cultures, the treatment of certain disorders varies, but the biggest thing that is different, is how certain disorders effect certain cultures and races less or more than others. This is something that happens in many disorders, but is alwaysRead MoreThe Psychological Effects Of Eating Disorders1324 Words   |  6 Pagesis that those are all influences leading to eating disorders. Women are strongly affected by eating disorders in North America. Many societal, cultural and physiological aspects contribute to the impact that eating disorders have upon women. Psychological aspect of eating disorder The psychological effect of eating disorders is one of, if not the most influential part of the development of an eating disorder. â€Å"Eating disorders are disorders of eating behaviors, associated thoughts, attitudes andRead MoreThe Media Is Responsible For The Increase Of Eating Disorders1452 Words   |  6 Pagesplays a role in today’s era. My research will study the influence of media on eating behaviors and the significant studies regarding this topic. My paper will also cover the outcomes of media portraying unhealthy body images, weight loss ads, and the influence of the internet encouraging eating disorders. Based on the research, it can be clear that the media is responsible for the increase of eating disorders in today’s society. Therefore, it is important to take counteractive measures and look into thisRead More Anorexia and Bulimia - A Threat to Society Essay994 Words   |  4 Pages In a society that discriminates against people, particularly women, who do not look slender, many people find they cannot - or think they cannot - meet societys standards through normal, healthy eating habits and often fall victim to eating disorders. Bulimia Nervosa, an example of an eating disorder that is characterized by a cycle of binge eating and purging, has become very common in our society. Although it generally affects women, men too are now coming to clinics with this kind of diseaseRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Elena Vanishing, By Elena Dunkle And Clare B. Dunkle1703 Words   |  7 PagesCritical Eating There are many different psychological illnesses in the world, each with different causes. While eating is an key function of life, some people may be doing harm to their body with their eating habits. Eating disorders occur when a person has a bad relationship with food and can be deadly. The book Elena Vanishing, by Elena Dunkle and Clare B. Dunkle, gives a better understanding of the background of eating disorders and many reviewers are impacted by the book’s vital message. ManyRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Girl s Self Image1112 Words   |  5 PagesBody image has become a huge issue in society today, with magazines such as Shape, Covergirl, Vogue, Seventeen, or celebrities such as Carrie Underwood, Jennifer Aniston, Angelina Jolie, or Kylie Jenner. Women, especially teenagers, find themselves thinking that they have to look like the model they saw in a magazine, or on social media. The media is greatly responsible for the growing of the â€Å"ideal† thin women. Statistics show that diet and weight control advertisement appear ten times more in women’s

Auditing Services Business Risk Evaluation

Question: Describe about the Auditing Services for Business Risk Evaluation. Answer: 1 (a) Evaluation of business risk associated with HIH made it clear that all the business risks remains associated with international, environmental, as well as domestic aspects (Margret and Hoque 2016). These risks are considered to remain associated with the recognition of Australian insurance industry and the manner in which HIH remains efficient to amend itself with the risk analysis parameters. Determining Insolvency Risk- Ample strategies can be employed for recognizing insolvency risks within which the function of risk analysis are associated with the auditing risk analysis (Abdullah et al. 2016). There exists ample wide-ranging agreement, which is vital to encompass the expertise to deal with the debts of the organization. Having the support of risks linked with insolvency along with structure of profitability there exist a need to focus hugely on business which will encompass less number of consumers to commence the sector (Lessambo 2016). Such framework is in consideration of the organizations expertise to decrease its remaining debt. This is because, it is necessary that an organizations solvency is determined which then evaluates non-financial in addition to financial factors. Analysis on Profitability and Structure Associated with it- Though there are several applicable approaches that can analyze business risks associated with HIHs, it is deemed to consider to explore the competitive environment of the sector regarding the boost in competition and increase in range of prices (Caplan and Dutta 2016). In order to explore associated risks, handling the insurance in accordance to the Australian industry happen to be considerably easier than those are new within to the industrial regulations. 1 (b) An ample risk that HIH insurance company is able to eliminate contains risk factors related to auditing. For this reason, the company needs to issue an unqualified audit based on certain financial statements. Such aspects were intended to handle planning and procedure associated with several risks associated with business that should be detected and controlled accordingly (Emmerig and Legg 2016). Control risks have several material inaccuracies that HIH Insurance was not capable to detect within its internal control systems. Results were gathered from the case of HIH indicates the accuracy and comprehensiveness of the general ledger in order to facilitate ledger recognition as well as the bank account, that HIH Insurance still did not concern to consider (Pearson 2016). Company performance is deemed to be focused on the method of substantive differential, which presents excess dependence on the external documentation method (Sirtes et al. 2016). Ledger accounts enclosure along with different bank accounts supports valuation of tangible assets within organization. Risk can be evaluated through applying several techniques based on auditing and organizational performance. Risk also includes not being aware of the inaccuracies or any material assertions (Adams 2016). It has been recognized that it is extremely vital for HIH that will ensure timely planning and eliminate the situations whereas material misstatement remains undetected quite effectively. HIH Insurance Company had certain internal documents based on which the company could not conduct applicable processes intended to address problems associated with organizational performance of company (Betta 2016). Risks within business are the uncertainties related to financial report of HIH Insurance Company in which the firm declared to maintain its solvency, asked for premiums for the liquidity factors of the organization. This encompass number of distinct policies that considers presenting the record of marine insurance conducts that largely relates to insurance professions. 2 (a) Legal liability based problem is related with unqualified audit procedure which encompass audit risk which is improperly managed by HIH Insurance. Auditors of the company are observed to have inadequate awareness on inherent risk. This is considered as unrecognized modifications facilitated by HIH Insurance in the past years (Bobtcheff et al. 2016). Auditing report was analyzed effectively which explains the auditing practices brought into practice by HIH. The auditor was inefficient in exploring the auditing conducts of HIH insurance which it can incorporate within it other practices. These problems are deemed to be linked with insufficient auditors independence that is associated with the non-auditing task performance and observing the business conduct of HIH for additional business risk (James 2016). These conducts of the company are associated with several auditing techniques with anticipated auditing risk. The reports stays associated with the determination of management to address the existing legal concern. It is considered vital to indicate that HIH Insurance needs increasing attention on the liquidity position of the insurance company within which the liquidity position remains concerned with financial and operational activities of HIH Insurance (Margret and Hoque 2016). Such risks are found to be associated to pricing capability and outstanding claims of organizations. This is in accordance with the reservation practices in order to deal and work on decisions related with investments (Chen et al. 2016). As far as the clients are concerned, the focus is hugely on the performance of HIH Insurance Company that signifies inefficient planning of goodwill, postponed acquisition expenses and enhanced tax benefits. Based on the situation it can be said that if the consumers appoint former auditors, it could have an ill impact on the independence of peripheral auditing. It is clarified that such auditors continues to maintain superior partnership with the auditing members (May 2016). Conversely, it is evident that that there is a good association among former and the present auditors for they remain proficient to recognize and address the issues associated to parties that they have and have an influence on. 2 (b) Some of the conditions that have revealed the practice of negligence conduct of HIH insurance are found to be linked with the accelerations variations made within legislations (Chen et al. 2016). HIH Insurance Company makes it clear that it deals with high risk of related with pricing, unsuitable investments and inefficient policies that depleted the financial resources of the company. Corporate Governance- HIH Insurance Company faced the risk of bankruptcy, issues of agency cost from agency conflict arising from debtors and managers of insurance firm. The case study makes it clear that the aspects those lead to a companys bankruptcy encompass few agency cost problems generated from agency conflict taking place among proprietors, debtors and companys managers (Bobtcheff et al. 2016). A large part of the problems is dependent on the changes those are practiced with the direct liability framework of the improper risk governance had resulted in improper management. The legislative alterations implementations are linked with public liabilities and have a significant role for unproductive management (Bobtcheff et al. 2016). Information collected from the case study signifies that there is faulty risk management. This is due to the reason of failure in implementing effective management practices as well as regulations. The companys management avoided carrying out strateg y evaluation to make investment by accepting risk having several information sources. Non-availability of Information Source- HIH Insurance Company presented a situation where accounting systems has vital roles that intends to ensure improved use of commercial systems. For an insurance company, it does not seem to be suitable for the non-executive directors to gather vital data that will fulfill responsibilities of their director and for this reason, responsibilities non-executive directors of an organization needs being compromised. This is because there remain no alternatives other than depending on the generated and directed accounting systems regulated by the management (Emmerig and Legg 2016). Non-executive Directors Shortfall- The case study made it clear that non-executive directors must be asked certain questions related to risks those are justified. The company has to pay an amount of dollar 1.7 million to the auditing services of Anderson and dollar 1.631 million to the secretarial company of the individual (Emmerig and Legg 2016). Auditing facilities results out from external auditors and companys directors. Whether indirectly or straightforwardly corporate governance conducts of HIH Insurance Company are found being responsible for such negligence deeds. This also effectively signifies that certain guiding regulations or action takes place due to lack in independent management analysis. 3 (a) The construction of strong relationship with services provided by non-accounting entities led to refusal concerning increase of paid auditing facilities (Abdullah et al. 2016). HIH Company decided to employ internal auditors other than appointing external auditors for these reasons: Auditors observed to be familiar to the organization Auditors are supposed to have good experience in the areas of monetary and fiscal aspects. The management focuses on conducting audit work for in order to maintain a good relationship with its external auditors (Chen et al. 2016). Auditors of the organization should maintain the professional skepticism that facilitates implementation of an organizations managerial activities. This is because the auditors and management have incapability to manage their financial statement (Abdullah et al. 2016). 3 (b) Non-auditing facilities must be offered by the organizations those regularly conduct auditing works. Such specialized non-auditing supports encompass tax advantage advices and operational consultancy. Through such facilities, the company can ensure offering both auditing and non-auditing consumer services (Sirtes et al. 2016). The company intends to rely on handling consumer responses that is the major income source. Financial reports are maintained by the auditors, which will consider the financial situation analysis. This will focus on increasing profit objective of organizations. Such advantageous facilities support the alteration in some of the false statements (Sirtes et al. 2016). The reports should consider recognizing errors of a company for the reason it supports the auditors and consultant to sustain efficient consumer information management. Such facilities allow in addressing faults and offer the management report compilation. The measures on regulatory perspective happen s to be the efficient solution in order to ensure accuracy of the financial reports in which providing such services remains of great benefit for several accounting firms (Margret and Hoque 2016). 3 (c) Case study on HIH Insurance Company signifies that the members of that organization did not complete their duties with honesty, for the reason that they offered misleading or false data on a constant basis (Margret and Hoque 2016). A large proportion of staff of the company remained involved in unethical conducts where they were not able to accomplish their organizational duties in an efficient manner. With the failure of Enron, the circumstances further worsened and situations rose where fair dealing of work paper deductions was not observed in the company and several organizational staff was held guilty (Pearson 2016). Staff of organizations requires needs to involve themselves in complying with ethical duties of the company other than managing their clients. This ethical statement ensures to maintain regulations with codes and business standards those are applicable. Information disclosure applicable to the accounting standards will be encompasses in the statement (Pearson 2016). 3 (d) HIH Insurance Company considered governance and financial compliance practices under the amendment of CLERP 9: Engagement partner needs certain regulations in order to appraise staff including the senior management employees rotation on yearly basis (James 2016). The audit partners must be involved with the board of directors of the company that might take a long time to accept the auditing activities. Such recommendations have an objective to identify and address the issues related with business groups. Their aim is to improve the financial reporting and the audit functions in order to disclose the matters, which might affect independent auditing and additional disclosures of financial information (James 2016). Several suggestions focus on identifying responsibility by means of spreading widespread managerial functions needed to be performed by the organizational staff. Reference List Abdullah, N.S., Indulska, M. and Sadiq, S., 2016. Compliance management ontologya shared conceptualization for research and practice in compliance management.Information Systems Frontiers, pp.1-26. Adams, M.A., 2016. Contemporary case studies in corporate governance failures.Governance Directions,68(6), p.335. Betta, M., 2016. Three Case Studies: Australian HIH, American Enron, and Global Lehman Brothers. InEthicmentality-Ethics in Capitalist Economy, Business, and Society, 8(6), pp. 79-97. Bobtcheff, C., Chaney, T. and Gollier, C., 2016. Analysis of Systemic Risk in the Insurance Industry.The Geneva Risk and Insurance Review,41(1), pp.73-106. Caplan, D. and Dutta, S.K., 2016. Managing the risk of misleading financial metrics in annual reports: A first step towards providing assurance over management's discussion.Journal of Accounting Literature,36, pp.1-27. Chen, V., Ramsay, I. and Welsh, M.A., 2016. Corporate law reform in Australia: An analysis of the influence of ownership structures and corporate failure.Australian Business Law Review,44(1), pp.18-34. Emmerig, J. and Legg, M., 2016. Corporate law: Indirect causation accepted in shareholder claim of misleading conduct: Ramifications for shareholder class actions.Governance Directions,68(8), p.490. Fernando, M., 2016. The Context. InLeading Responsibly in the Asian Century, 8(1), pp. 9-30. James, C., 2016. Academic Integrity in Legal Education 48.Handbook of Academic Integrity, p.695. Lessambo, F., 2016.The International Corporate Governance System: Audit Roles and Board Oversight. London: Springer. Margret, J. and Hoque, Z., 2016. Business Continuity in the Face of Fraud and Organisational Change.Australian Accounting Review,26(1), pp.21-33. Margret, J. and Hoque, Z., 2016. Business Continuity in the Face of Fraud and Organisational Change.Australian Accounting Review,26(1), pp.21-33. May, K., 2016. Security for costs: Is a deed of indemnity from an after the event insurer good enough?.Australian Restructuring Insolvency Turnaround Association Journal,28(1), p.35. Pearson, G., 2016. Failure in corporate governance: financial planning and greed.Handbook on Corporate Governance in Financial Institutions, p.185. Sirtes, G., Lo Surdo, A. and White, R., 2016. Corporations law and class actions: Court recognises indirect or market-based causation in shareholder claims.LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal, (23), p.80. William Jr, M., Glover, S. and Prawitt, D., 2016. Auditing and Assurance Services: A Systematic Approach.Auditing and Assurance Services: A Systematic Approach, 9(6), pp.1-26.

HOW TO ATTRACT GIRLS Essays (692 words) - Education Reform, Home

HOW TO ATTRACT GIRLS Sometimes girls and boys seem to avoid the company of one another, but finally everyone find something common in each other and fall in love at least once. Actually You are just afraid of making serious relationship, because You do not know what the girl thinks and feels about you. In general the first time is always more complex. The men are so confused about what women think about them that it can create some obsessions. It can lower Your self-esteem. Do not let it happen! Despite of the difficulties it is exciting and anxious process. It will be hard to get someone's love. In return You will feel like a bird flying, everything will sing around and your heart will jump inside when You see that You have taken a liking to her. How do You see that!? She will smile, laugh after every your silly joke and hesitate to look into your eyes. If she will not, she is not fallen in love. Let's imagine the calling to someone for the first date. Probably you are nervous and afraid of her refusal. Who makes the first step have to be brave and known that everybody have to do it some day. You have to know the Estonian proverb, "The brave beginning is a half of victory". For Your better feeling You may invent some reason for calling. For example ask something about a homework, but do not seem to her as a foolish. First of all you have to insist in your mind that you are like every other boy. Everyone have something interesting and attractive which can put the girls to lose their heads. Perhaps You are funny speaker or good listener. In the last case You have to give many questions to get her meet with You. You have to realize your best sides of character and use them in calling. Do not be selfish, at least in the first time. Next, You have to be prepared to lose - do not except your failure and do not give up after it. People are learning from mistakes. Now let's go to call. Oh, Your voice and the style of communicating have to be something different from talking with friends! Do not use a foul language. First of all You have to be very polite in communicating with her parents in the case they take a phone. You could introduce yourself and ask for her with the official and calm voice, "Good afternoon, I am Bobby Dolt and I would like to speak with Ann Smith. Is she home at home now?". You have a time to relax and forget about all Your weaknesses. Now She probably comes. It will be better if You create the image of ladies' man and chatty boy and mix their a little bit sexual appetite. But do not overstrain with that stuff. Now she is saying, "Helllooo" and You will show the manliness and other skills You have learned. Your voice must be soft, easygoing, but dynamic. It means not boring. Hey, If You feel yourself in a right way forget about Your homework! Let Your inspiration to fly. Do not disturb her for a few hours. Be in short. You just have to invite her somewhere. Please do not make some terrible noises like in car crush or the water falling in bathroom. In the case You cannot exist without them You can sing like birds do. Do not say her such things like, "What the hell are You doing their? Or What a horrible voice You have by phone!". I remain You that You had a goal to create some friendship. Follow my advises and You can get Cindy Crawford to Your callers. If You are good reader and smart boy You have to go through it and You might see her next time in the theater, cinema or night club. You will be well done if during the next meeting she will be merry and kind with You. Your relationships depend mostly on Your communication in the first few weeks. It does not mean that later You can turn into a rude imp. Actually all people have to relate toward each other in a polite manner and do not hold anger in their hearts. Always take a stand to others like You want them to attitude toward You.

Teece Model of Innovation Essays

Teece Model of Innovation Essays Teece Model of Innovation Paper Teece Model of Innovation Paper Innovation is a process to bring new ideas, new methods or new products to an organization. It is the action required to create new ideas, processes or products which when implemented lead to positive effective change. While invention requires the creation of new ideas, processes or products, innovation moves one step further and requires implementation of the inventive act. Innovation also implies a value system which seeks to derive a positive outcome from the inventive act. For example, actions which lead to a negative performance metric would not be considered innovative, even if they met the requirements of novelty and enabling actions. THE TEECE MODEL OF INNOVATION: David Teece clarified that two factors imitability and complementary assets will have a strong influence in determining who will ultimately profit from an innovation. Imitability refers to how easily competitors can copy or duplicate the technology or process underpinning the innovation. There are many examples of barriers a company could use to protect itself from imitation, including intellectual property rights, complex internal routines or tacit knowledge. Complementary assets are equally important. They include any activity that gravitates around the core innovation such as distribution channels, reputation, marketing capabilities, strategic alliances, customer relationships, licensing agreements, among others. Analyzing the two dimensions the theory concludes that if imitability is high and complementary assets are freely available or unimportant it will be difficult to make money out of the innovation (exceptions can be made at the very short run). If instead complementary assets are tightly held and important and imitability is once again high, the holder of such assets will be the one profiting on the innovation, independently of who developed it. If imitability is low the innovator will find himself in a much better position. When complementary assets are not controlled by other economic actors he will be able to collect most of the profits being generated. When, on the other hand, complementary assets are important and tightly held negotiation will take place, profits will be shared in proportion to bargaining power of the parts involved. The Teece model can be used not only to predict who will profit from an innovation but also to understand what company will have higher incentives to invest in certain innovations. The major flaw one can find in this theory is the lack of empirical evidence, which results from the difficulty to isolate the imitability and the complementarily effects from other factors. EXAMPLE: Consider the case of RC Cola, it was the first firm to introduce a diet cola on the market, but since it could not protect itself from imitation soon Pepsi and Coca-Cola jumped in, and using their complementary assets (distribution channels, brand name, etc. ) they appropriated all the profits of the segment. Another example is herbal toothpaste which was first introduced by vico vajradanti but later colgate entered in herbal toothpaste market with name colgate herbal and it succeed. References: Innovationzen. com A. Afuah, â€Å" Innovation management†, Oxford university press, 1998, 25.

Special Education Needs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Special Education Needs - Essay Example Special Education Needs (SEN) refers to that extra or different wants of children will have due to the fact that such experience unusual learning difficulties something which lead to such children to experience difficulties not only in learning but also having an equal access to education, training and even work opportunity. Besides, language difficulties such children experience, numerous challenges, difficulties in cognitive process, and behavioural difficulties as well as psychomotor difficulties. The inclusion debate has also been concerned with the continuity dilemma for children with special needs given the fact that most children with special education needs find it hard to fit in the higher education levels as a lot of government help has in the past been given to the primary level (Audit Commission, 1992). This imbalance has created a different kind of treatment for children with special education at primary school level and different treatment when such children graduate into higher levels of education. This has been a challenge and has been fronted as a main argument by the proponents of the inclusion debate who argue that inclusion will put the children with special education need at an advantage in that if they are integrated into mainstream classes, as opposed to specialist schools, they will advance their chances of performing well at higher levels of education (Copeland, 1991). Children with special education needs are more likely to miss opportunities of higher education, as there are no sufficient numbers of higher-level education institutions, which offer specialised education (Brown, 1994). Therefore most children with special education end up getting admission to mainstream universities and colleges where special treatment is not high compared to the primary level of education. There is a need to include or integrate children into mainstream classes early enough so as to prepare such children to fit normally in mainstream colleges and universities. Children who attend specialist schools are more likely to take a long time to fit into the mainstream colleges and universities than children with special education who attended mainstream schools early in life (Allen, 1994). Specialist schools have been negatively viewed as being associated with the disadvantaged, the less fortunate, the mentally ill, the deaf and such negative labelling which can affect the self-esteem of children with special education needs. Therefore specialists' schools meet the immediate needs of the children at primary school level but do not prepare the children for challenges associated with higher levels of education. The other challenge for those children who attend specialist school is that the children may get used to specialised treatment due to the availability of special equipment and specialised staff. This is lacking in most institutions at higher levels of education and such children are more likely to experience problems in future when trying to change and fit into a mainstream class. The debate surrounding special education needs has been surrounded by controversies in agreeing to what constitutes of special needs, what to be included and what not to include. This has led to debate on whether some conditions such as dyslexia were

Reward and Development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reward and Development - Assignment Example This experience is also an outcome of learning from one’s peers, therefore we can safely state that experience passes on through generations. Building a Learning Organization One of the models identified for building a learning organization encompasses the organization, people, knowledge and technology as the four key pillars on which organizational learning is based (Serrat, 2009). This model states that people are required for the learning within an organization through the transfer of knowledge amongst them and through the implementation of innovative technology. Charles Darwin once said that the species most responsive to change is the one that is bound to thrive in a competitive world, and how right he was. Over the years the ever increasing progress in technology has pressed for the need to have skilled and knowledge workers, this has also been a key point of interest of training and development programs within and beyond organizations. There are several different theori es of organizational development that have been proposed by theorists, let us take a look at a few of them: The Humanistic Approach In response to the limitations that accompanied the psychodynamic theories, the concerns raised by some renowned philosophers such as Abraham Maslow led to the development of the humanistic perspective. This perspective aimed to incorporate the aspects of human needs within the theoretical framework. A comparison of the humanistic perspective to the Economic-Based Model of the firm revealed few differences regarding the approach of the two models towards the people aspect of a firm. The most important difference lies in the fact that the Economic-Based Model assumed that human beings are motivated only by self-interest which leads to a very profit oriented organizational focus, as opposed to the Humanistic perspective which emphasizes on an organization that comprised of empowered employees who when working in the organization feel that they are adequat ely applying themselves in the work and are not treated as money minting machines. This difference in the two models makes the Humanistic Model more pro Organizational Learning and Development as opposed to the Economic-Based Model (Rosanas, 2009). This perspective is strongly knitted to the Human Relations Approach to organizational development, which emphasizes on the need of good working relationships amongst employees and good leadership which is pivotal for the progress of the organization (Approaches to Organization And Management, 2009). Performance Management Moreover, we have the classical perspective which is similar to performance management. In this approach the emphasis lays towards achieving the goals that have been set out by the organization, formal management hierarchy is maintained and employee empowerment is reduced compared to the humanistic perspective. The â€Å"Psychological Contract† is a subjective expectation and belief of the employees regarding how they see their relationship with their organization. This psychological contract determines the employees’ level of satisfaction within the organization and his/ her level of motivation (Coyle-Shapiro, 2002). This is not a written contract however; this tacit agreement has many powerful behavioural and attitudinal outcomes. Employees feel attached to their

Family Relation Portrayal in Korean Films Essay Example for Free

Family Relation Portrayal in Korean Films Essay It has been said of cinema that it is much lesser an art that it should be because it cannot afford the unpredictable. Therefore it seeks the security of successfully established formulas (Encyclopaedia Britannica 904). This may be the reason why Korean films, like most Asian films, tend to focus on domestic issues. The most important part of Korean life is family, and Koreans are proud of their excellent relationship among family members. Members of the family are tied to each other by very strong bonds. Over the years, however, the Korean family has undergone tremendous change in terms of structure and function. These changes in family structure and function are dramatically mirrored in Korean films. Korean films show viewers about how the Korean family has evolved over the last few years. In addition, Korean films reflect the rapid change that the structure and function of the Korean family is undergoing. Value for Family Family welfare is much more important to Koreans than individual needs (â€Å"South Korea – Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette†). This may be the reason why Korean families are called a ‘small society’. The action of each family member becomes a reflection of the rest of the family. Koreans put into mind that family is the most important group for themselves and for their country (â€Å"Korean Family†). The Korean value for family is depicted in the film A Romantic Papa, a Korean film released in 1960. This is a story about an employee at an insurance company who is the head of a happy household which consists of his wife, two sons and three daughters. When his company began downsizing, however, he is forced into retirement. He does not tell his family about losing his job because of fear of disappointing them. His children learn the truth as they thought of a way of comforting their father. A Romantic Papa is a film which depicts the traditional Korean family. The film also shows that the father holds supreme power in the family. When the protagonist loses his job, he does not tell his family because he does not want to disappoint them. This goes to show the great value that Koreans place over their families. In an unconventional sort of way, the film also shows the father, who holds supreme power in the family, stepping down to relinquish his authority to the next generation. A Romantic Papa was adapted to the big screen from a popular radio drama. It was directed by Shin Sang-Okk and starred Choi Eun-Hee, Kim Jin-Kyu, Shin Seong-II, Kim Seung-Ho and Joo Jeung-Nyeo. (â€Å"100 Korean Films†). Mr. Park, which was also released in 1960, is another Korean film which depicts the traditional Korean family. The film is about a man who has provided for his children by repairing charcoal fireplaces. He disapproves of the fact that his eldest child is dating a hoodlum. He is also unhappy that his younger daughter is dating her co-worker. He, however, bestows his blessing upon his son when he expresses the desire to marry. His eldest daughter runs away and his son asks his permission to work in Thailand after marriage. The film ends with him accepting the man his eldest child wants to marry while granting permission to his son to go to Thailand. The film is Korea’s representative family melodrama. It reveals the conflict of values through the clash between the protagonist and his children. The film was directed by Kang Dae-Jin. It starred Kim Seung-Ho, Cho Mi-Ryeong, Kim Jin-Kyu and hwang Jeong-Sun. (â€Å"100 Korean Films†) The Extended Family The extended family was the social norm about 50 to 60 years ago in Korea (Bae). This is reflected in the film Festival which was released in Korea in 1996. Festival was directed by Im Kwon-Taek and stars Ahn Seong-Ki. A film about family, Festival is about a renowned writer who received word that his mother had passed away. The death of his mother elicited different emotional responses from various persons. As the funeral begins, so did conflict deepen among his family members. As the funeral progresses, their conflicts find gradual resolution. Festival is about filial piety, a Confucian ideal that places the virtue of caring for one’s parents among all else. Filial piety connotes being good to the parents and to take care of them. It connotes engaging in good conduct towards parents and towards society so as to bring a good name to the parents and ancestors. It also means performing the duties of a job well to obtain the material means to support the parents. The film The Birth of a Family also depicts extended family life. Released in 2006, the first part of the film is about Mi-ra and her trouble-making brother, Hyung-chul. After being discharged from the military, Hyung-chul goes missing. He comes back five years later with a middle-aged woman whom he introduces as his wife. Mi-ra allows them to stay with her at the family home until Mi-ra’s daughter Chae-hyun arrives and the three reach a breaking point. The second part of the film concerns a young woman called Sun-kyung whose relationship with her estranged mother is aggravated by the mother’s relationship with a married man. Her mother dies of cancer, however, and Sun Kyung must care for her half-brother Gyeong-suk. The third part of the film brings together the two story lines with the relationship of Chae-hyun and Gyeong-suk who is accepted in the end by Chae-hyun’s adopted family from the first part of the film (â€Å"The Birth of a Family†). The Birth of a Family was directed by Kim Tae-Yong. It starred Moon So-ri, Kong Hyo-jin, Jeong Yu-mi and Bong Tae-gyu. Extended family is also portrayed in the 1998 film A Quiet Family. This is the story of a family who buys a hotel in the mountains. At first, no one comes to check in at the hotel but after a while a guest checks in and dies. Two more guests arrive and suffer that same predicament, and soon the bodies start piling up. This movie is a comedy but effectively portrays the modern extended family and their relationship to each other (â€Å"The Quiet Family†). The Quiet Family was directed by Ji-woon Kim and starred In-hwan Park and Mun-hee Na. Single Parents, Divorce and Late Marriages It is said that the economic crisis in the late 1990s was the catalyst in changing the Korean family structure in an essential way. Before this, concepts such as single parents, divorce, late marriage and having children at a later age were unheard of to most Koreans. Today, however, this is no longer the case (Bae). Mirroring the theme of being a single parent is the film Mother which is a Korean film released in 2010. Mother is the story of a Hye-ja, a single mother who sells herbs and acupuncture treatments to support her mentally slow son. Her son, however, becomes involved in the murder of a schoolgirl and is thrown into jail. This is when Hye-ja’s quest to prove her son’s innocence begins (Harris). The film shows the hardships and difficulties of being a single parent and what a mother’s love can do for her beloved child. Mother was directed by Bong Joon-ho and starred Kim Hye-ja and Won Bin. The film stayed within the top 50 films on the United States box office. Being a single parent is also depicted in the film A Family which was released in Korea in 2004. A Family is about the extraordinary love between a father and his daughter. Pickpocket Jeong-eun comes back home to a father and an eight-year old brother after being in prison for two years. Her father Joo-suk loves her dearly but does not know how to express it. The film A Family is about troubled relationships and conflict between family members, but above all, it is a story about family in these modern times (â€Å"A Family†). A film that also depicts the hardships of being a single parent is The Way Home, a Korean film that was released in 2002. The Way Home is the story of a spoiled city boy whose single mother ships him off to his grandmother in a rural town. The grandmother is a hunchback and a mute who works hard without complaining. The boy disrespects his grandmother at first but learns a lesson about love and selflessness after seeing all the sacrifices she made for him. The film is a drama about the healing power of love. The unconditional love the grandmother gives to the boy is something that he is not used to. This eventually softens him. He also begins to see the downside to his selfishness (â€Å"The Way Home†). Single parenthood is also shown in Marathon, a 2005 film which deals with an autistic youth training to be a marathon runner. The story is primarily about the relationship between the boy and his mother. Because of his condition, his mother controls various aspects of his life in the name of ‘protection’. The film also tackles the realities of being mentally ill (â€Å"Marathon†). Marathon became the runaway box office smash of 2005. The film marked the directorial debut of Jeong Yun-Cheol and starred Cho Seung-Woo and Kim Mi-Sook. In 2007, the film Cherry Tomato tackled single parenthood by way of a grandfather caring for his granddaughter. When his son is released from prison and steals his savings and his bicycle-drawn cart is destroyed, he ends up trying to steal meat for his hungry granddaughter (â€Å"Cherry Tomato†). This film depicts the love a grandfather has for his granddaughter and the actions that he is capable of doing in the name of love. Cherry Tomato was directed by former television producer Jeong Yeong-bae and starred Sin Goo and Kim Hyang-ki. Meanwhile, the theme of divorce is exemplified in the film The Marriage Life which is a film released in Korea in 1992. The Marriage Life is about a couple who gets married for love despite objection from their family and friends. Their married life seems successful at first until endlessly busy nights made conversation almost nonexistent. Their marriage then begins to suffer. Their clashes began to become intense that they finally resort to divorce (â€Å"100 Korean Films†). Marriage Life was directed by Kim Yui-seok and starred Choi Min-Su and Shim Hye-Jin.

Hamlet in the Holodeck Essay -- Literature Shakespeare Essays

Hamlet in the Holodeck missing works cited As computer technology moves from the domain of industrial utility to the realm of communication, its seemingly limitless possibilities prove to be both exciting and intimidating. Artists and storytellers are especially intrigued by the new capabilities found in the development of technology; the computer's approach to presenting information makes it an innovative tool for self-expression. In the book, Hamlet on the Holodeck, author Janet Murray discusses the challenges of working creatively with the digital environment. In explaining the elemental properties of this media, Murray shows us how we may use the expressive power of technologies to create a more compelling form of storytelling (67). Murray compares the current advances in technology to the birth of cinema. She explains that the invention of camera technology did not necessarily denote the arrival of movies as an artistic medium. Cinema originated as an additive art form, combining the film technology of a stationary camera and the traditional art of theater in order to make narrative films called photoplays (66). Filmmakers experimented with the fundamental properties of film for decades in order to create the series of conventions that now define the movie. By utilizing the properties of film editing, sound, color, and camera angle, the technology of film evolved into an expressive and original way to recreate and enhance reality. According to Murray, the advancement of modern computer technology parallels the development of the movie camera. When confronted with the combination of sound, video, picture, word processing, and global networking of current computing, computer pioneers mirrored the behavior of the 1... ...of the fictional universe seem limitless" (87). Currently, The Sims creators are planning an Internet version of their game, which will combine the technologies of hypertext and simulation. Human users all over the world will be able to chat and interact with each other in a variety of landscapes in real time, creating "the opportunity to tell stories from multiple vantage points and to offer intersecting stories that form a dense and wide-spreading web" (84). Forums like these subtly introduce interested computer users to the tools for understanding the nuances of narrative devices. It seems that Murray's hypothesis is gradually becoming reality; the world's growing interest in detailed storytelling, found in programs like The Sims, reveals that computers are helping us to think about "the many systems we participate in, observe, and imagine" (93).

Flame Detector

INFRA-RED FLAME DETECTION 123 S200+ SERIES TRIPLE IR FLAME DETECTORS USER MANUAL S200+ USER MANUAL INDEX PAGE A) INTRODUCTION 1 1. 1 Flame Detection Operation 1 3. B) Introduction 2. General Construction 4 PRODUCT APPLICATION 5 1. C) Application 5 2. Benefits of the S200+ Series 6 8 Introduction 8 2. Electrical Characteristics 8 3. Mechanical Characteristics 13 4. Environmental 16 5. Operation 17 6. Performance Characteristics 22 7. Design of System 30 8. D) SYSTEM DESIGN INFORMATION 1. Approvals and Compliance with Standards nd Patents 31 INSTALLATION 38 1. General 38 2. Mounting a Detector 38 3. E) Detector Wiring 40 4. Initial Wiring Check 55 57 1. System Checks 57 2. F) COMMISSIONING Connecting and Commissioning the Detectors 57 64 1. G) MAINTENANCE 64 General ORDERING INFORMATION APPENDIX 1 CONNECTING S241+ AS A CURRENT SOURCE DEVICE 66 67 SECTION A 1. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION The S200+ range of triple IR flame detectors comprises five flame detector variants. The detectors sha re the same flame detection circuitry, optics and main mechanical housing.Each variant is available as an Intrinsically Safe (i) or Flameproof (f) version except the S261+ which is available only in the Flameproof version. The five variants are: VARIANT Conventional 2-Wire Interface 4-20mA Current Loop Interface Analogue Addressable Loop Interface Relay Interface MX Digital Interface INTRINSICALLY SAFE S231i+ S241i+ S251i+ S271i+ FLAMEPROOF S231f+ S241f+ S251f+ S261f+ S271f+ The S200+ Advanced Flame Detector offers a major improvement in both flame detection capability and immunity to blackbody radiation.The S200+ is available in intrinsically safe and flameproof models except for the S261f+ which is available only as a flameproof version. In particular, the range incorporates models for conventional detection circuits (S231i+, S231f+), models for connection to 4-20 mA current loop (S241i+, S241f+), models for connection to Thorn Security Minerva analogue addressable systems (S251i+ , S251f+), a flameproof model with relay outputs (S261f+) and models for connection to Minerva MX Digital systems (S271i+, S271f+).The output of the S241+ provides a truly analogue current output and the S251+ and S271+ provide an additional level of signalling to indicate a pre-alarm condition. The detectors have been tested by LPCB to EN 54 : Part 10 and have been classified as Class 1 flame detectors on the 50m and 25m range settings and as Class 3 on the 12m range setting. For marine applications, the detectors have been tested to Lloyd’s Register Test Specification Number 1 (2002). Environmental Category ENV1, 2, 3 and 5 and to DNV Certification Notes No. 2. 4 (April 2001). 2.FLAME DETECTION OPERATION The S200+ detectors analyse radiant energy at three different wavelengths and as such offer the full benefits of the triple IR flame detector. The detector uses a well proven, flame detection technique. This is based on monitoring for modulated infra-red radiation in the 4. 3? m waveband corresponding to CO2 emission. It incorporates Thorn Security patented techniques for improved rejection of solar energy by using a combination of two 4. 3? m filters for Gaussian noise rejection by averaging the output signal of two separate sensor elements.Three different alarm delays of 3s, 6s and 12s are provided in all versions of the S200+. 2. 1 BLACKBODY REJECTION The S200+ implements a new concept for eliminating nuisance alarms from modulated blackbody sources. The new design incorporates a novel optical filter(1) which enables a single electronic infra-red sensor to measure the radiated energy present in two separate wavebands placed on either side of the flame detection waveband, at 3. 8? m and 4. 8? m respectively (see Fig A-1).The signal obtained from this ‘guard’ channel is cross-correlated with the signal from the flame detection channel to provide an accurate prediction of the non-flame energy present in the flame detection waveband. This prediction is independent of the temperature of the radiation source, allowing the S200+ to provide blackbody rejection over a wide range of source temperatures. (1) Patented (see Section C, 8. 4). 1 Fig. A-1 shows the amount of energy given by a ‘hot’ object (blackbody) as viewed in the electromagnetic spectrum. This curve has a peak which moves further to the left with higher temperature objects.The amount of energy seen between 3. 8? m and 4. 8? m can be approximated to a linear function. Thus, a measurement of the energy at these two wavelengths provides information to calculate with sufficient accuracy the level of blackbody radiation at the intermediate flame detection wavelength of 4. 3? m. The energy due to the emission from hot carbon dioxide given by a flame is superimposed on that from any blackbody in the detector field of view without adding any significant emissions at 3. 8? m or 4. 8? m, thus enabling proper segregation between non-flame signals and flame signals.Because a large fire will possibly produce a large amount of black smoke which will behave like a blackbody and may weaken the carbon dioxide peak, signals greater than a pre-determined upper limit will be classed as a fire. The use of an optical processing technique, as opposed to the use of two separate electronic sensors for the guard channel, improves the overall reliability of the detector by reducing the number of components and eliminating the need for complex calibration procedures during manufacture. TEMPERATURE MOVEMENT FLAME ENERGY HOT BLACKBODYCOLD BLACKBODY 3. 8? m 4. 3? m 4. 8? m WAVELENGTH Fig. A-1 Radiation from Objects 2. 2 DETECTION RANGE The S200+ range can detect on axis a fully developed 0. 1m2 n-heptane or petrol pan fire at up to 50m and the same fire up to 25m on the 25m setting. A 12m setting is also available. 2 2. 3 DETECTION OF FLAME IN THE PRESENCE OF BLACKBODY RADIATION The ability of the detector to determine accurately the amount of non-flame radiation received at any one time by the flame detection channel allows a variable alarm threshold to be determined (see Fig. A-2).This threshold is positioned so as to minimise the possibility of a false alarm due to the presence of modulated blackbody sources of different temperature and intensity. FLAME ENERGY ALARM THRESHOLD FLAME SIGNALS BLACKBODY SIGNALS CROSS-CORRELATED ENERGY Fig. A-2 2. 4 Signal Processing DETECTOR CONDITION SIGNALLING The S200+ incorporates two different colour light emitting diodes, red for Alarm and yellow for Fault. By using different flashing rates for the yellow (Fault) LED, separate indication of detector (electronic) fault and ‘dirty’ window (optical integrity monitoring) is provided.The yellow LED is not fitted to the S251+ and S271+ detectors. The S241+ provides an analogue output current, in the range 4-20mA, proportional to the flame detection signal. The S251+ provides two pre-set current values to signal alarm and pre-alarm cond itions. Pre-set currents, in the range 0-4mA, are used to separately signal detector (electronic) fault and ‘dirty' window for both detector types. The S271+ shows the same signalling conditions as the S251+ but instead of the units being in mA, they are signalled digitally using the MX protocol. 3 3. GENERAL CONSTRUCTION Fig. A-3 shows a general view of a complete detector.Fig. A-3 S200+ Detector – General View The detector is of robust construction to allow its use in harsh environments. The detector comprises a two-part stainless steel enclosure. The front section of the enclosure contains the encapsulated electro-optical assembly which is connected to the terminal board on the rear section by a small cableform. A sapphire window is fitted in the front of the housing. The window allows infra-red radiation to fall on the sensors, the LED alarm and fault indicators are visible through the window. The front section of the enclosure is attached to the rear section by fou r captive screws.A seal provided between the front and rear sections ensures protection to IP66 and IP67. Two 20mm cable entries are provided at the bottom. All electrical connections are made to three 4-way terminal blocks (four 4-way terminal blocks for the S261f+). The detector may be fitted directly to a suitable surface or an optional adjustable mounting bracket may be used. A stainless steel guard is fitted to the ‘flameproof’ versions to protect the integrity of the window (shown in Fig. A-3). Until the end of 2004, the detectors had two cable entries at the bottom and one at the top.The detector design has been changed to remove the top cable entry due to problems with water ingress where the top cable entry has not been sealed properly during installation. 4 SECTION B – PRODUCT APPLICATION 1. APPLICATION 1. 1 GENERAL The detectors are intended for the protection of high-risk areas in which accidental fires are likely to result in flaming combustion with the production of carbon dioxide. Typical materials in this type of risk are: a) Flammable liquids, including petroleum products, alcohol, and glycol etc. b) Flammable gases including methane. c) Paper, wood and packing materials. ) Coal. e) Plastics. These substances ignite readily and burn rapidly, producing flame, often accompanied by large volumes of dark smoke. Note: The detectors are not designed to respond to flames emanating from fuels which do not contain carbon eg, hydrogen, ammonia, metals, and should not be used for such risks without satisfactory fire testing. The S200+ series, by virtue of their construction and rejection of spurious radiation, are suitable for use both indoors or outdoors in a wide range of applications. Note: 1. 2 The detectors must be mounted to a rigid support which will not move in windy conditions.This is to avoid false alarms due to detector movement modulating radiation from hot bodies at the edge of the field of view. Avoid mounting detectors where they are subject to high levels of vibration. USE IN HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERES The S200i+ series detectors are ATEX/IECEx certified intrinsically safe, and are classified E Ex/ Ex ia IIC T5 or T4 (-40 °C ? Ta ? +80 °C). In an intrinsically safe system the detectors are suitable for use in hazardous zones 0, 1 and 2 where group IIC gases and vapours are present in explosive concentrations. See Section 8. 1 for full details. The S200f+ series detectors are ATEX certified ‘flameproof’.They are classified E Ex d IIC T6 or T5 (-20 °C ? Ta ? +80 °C) and are suitable for use in hazardous areas zones 1 and 2. The S200f+ detectors are also IECEx certified flameproof. They are classified Ex d IIC T6 or T5 (-20? C ? Ta ? +60? C) and are certified for use in hazardous areas zone 1 and zone 2. See Section 8. 2. 5 1. 3 USE IN NON-HAZARDOUS AREAS In non hazardous ares it is recommended the following detectors are fitted: S231i+, S241i+ and S251i+ without a barrier. These det ectors are electrically the same as the f+ versions. They are less expensive and have a wider field of view as they do not require the window guard.S261f+ (has no intrinsically safe version available). S271f+ Do not fit the S271i+ as for this detector the MX communications is optimised for use with an IS barrier. Its performance without a barrier is not characterised. Note: 1. 4 The S271i+ will not communicate without the EXI800 and barrier fitted. FEATURES †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 2. A self-test facility is incorporated to test a number of characteristics, including the cleanliness of the window. The self-test may be initiated remotely. Switch selectable range settings. Switch selectable time to alarm settings.Operational range up to 50m, fuel dependent. Remote control of range. S271+ has fast detection using MX interrupt facility. Remote control of delay, range and remote test on S271+. Completely solar blind. Very low quiescent power consumption. High sensitivity to hydrocarbon fire in oily environments. Rugged stainless steel 316 housing and mounting bracket. Flexible mounting and angular adjustment. Ease of installation. Connection for remote LED. Selectable latching/non-latching alarm output (not S251+/S271+). Selectable latching/non-latching fault output (not S251+/S271+). BENEFITS OF THE S200+ SERIESInfra-red flame detectors offer certain benefits over detectors working in the visible or ultra-violet regions of the spectrum. For example they are: †¢ †¢ 6 Highly sensitive to flame thus increasing probability of early detection of hydrocarbon fires. Not greatly affected by window contamination by dirt and oil deposits thus decreasing maintenance frequency leading to operating cost reduction. †¢ †¢ Able to see flames through smoke, and able to see flames through high densities of solvent vapours thus increasing the probability of earl y detection of hydrocarbon fires over other (ultra-violet) detectors in the same conditions.Several detectors on a single 2-wire conventional or analog addressable circuit. The S200+ series have all the above benefits and additionally are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Completely â€Å"solar-blind† in normal conditions, thus, eliminating false alarms due to direct or indirect sunlight. Insensitive to electric arcs thus eliminating false alarms from welding operations. Insensitive to artificial light sources. See Section C (6. 4) for more details on false alarm performance. Sealed to IP66 and IP67 (when suitable cable glands and sealant are used) ensuring long term reliability in harsh environments. 7SECTION C – SYSTEM DESIGN INFORMATION 1. INTRODUCTION The electrical, mechanical, environmental characteristics and the performance of the S200+ series flame detectors, must be taken into account when designing a system which uses these detectors. This information is give n below, together with guidance on detector siting. 2. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS 2. 1 S231i+/S231f+ The S231i+/231f+ detectors are two-wire devices, designed to operate on any typical conventional fire detection control equipment providing a regulated 20V dc current monitoring loop, including controllers manufactured by Thorn Security.Compatibility should be assessed using the technical data below and it is recommended that evaluation tests are carried out prior to siting and installation. The quiescent current drain is very small and the alarm condition is signalled by a large increase in current demand. Resetting is achieved by removing the supply voltage for a period greater than 0. 5 seconds. 2. 1. 1 COMPATIBILITY WITH OTHER THORN SECURITY CONVENTIONAL DETECTORS The connection of Thorn Security’s plug-in conventional detectors, ie M300 and M600 ranges, in the same circuit as S231+ flame detectors is not generally recommended.S231+ flame detectors may be connected in the same circuit as S131/S161 type detectors. The number of S231+ detectors per zone should be assessed taking account of good engineering principles, controller characteristics and cable parameters. As a guide, most controllers will permit 4 S231+ units per zone. We do no recommend exceeding 6 x s231+ units per zone. Note: 1) S161 flame detectors may be connected in flameproof circuits and can, therefore, be connected with S231f+ flame detectors. 2) If detectors are mixed, then an S231+ detector must be the last detector n the zone or a fault condition on an S231+ detector will not be signalled to the controller. 2. 1. 2 TECHNICAL DATA Supply Voltage: Quiescent Current: Alarm Current: Alarm Output Mode: Reset Time/Voltage: 8 15V to 28V. (Voltage at the detector when not in alarm). 350? A (typical). 33mA (typical) at 24V source, supplied via 330 ohms. 38mA (typical) with remote LED fitted. 18mA (typical) with MTL 5061 barrier fitted. See Fig. C-1. Operation must be restricted to the saf e area shown by use of external resistance if necessary. Supply must be reduced to less than 2V for greater than 0. 5 seconds. Stabilisation time after eset/ power up: Equivalent Inductance: Equivalent Capacitance: 60 seconds (typical) to 90 seconds (maximum). 0mH. 1. 5nF. Note: 1) The maximum number of detectors that may be connected to a zone circuit is 6 (see 2. 1. 1). 2) The alarm currents shown above include current through a 4k7 end-of-line resistor. 3) In general, it is not possible to use a remote indicator on detectors which are supplied via a shunt barrier safety diode or galvanic isolator. 4) Where a remote LED is used, a 33 ohm resistor should be fitted in series with it to limit the current through the LED to approximately 30mA. 80REMOTE LED FITTED WITH SERIES 33OHM RESISTOR TOTAL CURRENT IN ALARM (mA) 70 60 50 40 SAFE OPERATING AREA 30 NO REMOTE LED 20 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 VOLTAGE AT DETECTOR (V) NOTE: 4k7 END-OF-LINE RESISTOR FITTED Fig. C-1 2. 2 Load Characteristics in Alarm S241i+/S241f+ The S241i+/S241f+ detectors provide a 4-20mA current sink output, suitable for standard programmable logic controllers. 2. 2. 1 TECHNICAL DATA Supply Voltage: 15V to 28V (Voltage at the detector). Quiescent Current: 350? A (typical), excluding signalling current. 9 Supply Current in Alarm: 12mA (typical), at 24V supply. 0mA (typical), with remote LED fitted. 10mA (typical), with 600 ohm barrier. 12mA (typical), with 600 ohm barrier + remote LED. Alarm Output Mode: 4-20mA CURRENT SINK. (See Appendix 1 for S241+ wired as a current source output). Signalling Currents: DISCRETE SIGNALLING (OLD SYSTEM) CONDITION AFD CURRENT TYP. (mA) Fault Normal Alarm 1. 5 4. 5 17. 0 Table 1: S241+ Discrete Signalling (Old System) CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE SIGNALLING (NEW SYSTEM) CONDITION AFD CURRENT TYP. (mA) Non Window Fault Window Fault Normal Flame Sensing 0. 0 2. 0 4. 0 5. 7 to 17. 0* Table 2: S241+ Continuously Variable Signalling (New System) * See Para 5. for Sensitivity (Range) Selection Note: The signalling mode is selected by means of a DIL switch, see section E 2. 1. In both discrete and continuously variable signalling the alarm LED will come on when a 4-20mA output exceeds 17. 0mA. Reset Time/Voltage: Supply must be reduced to less than 2V for greater than 0. 5 seconds. Stabilisation Time after reset /power up: 60 seconds (typical) to 90 seconds (maximum). Equivalent Inductance: 0mH. Equivalent Capacitance: 1. 5nF. Note: An external 33 ohm resistor should be fitted in series with a remote LED. S241+ is designed with a 4-20mA current sink output.However, it can be wired as a current source device with limitations. See Appendix 1 for details. 10 2. 3 S251i+/S251f+ The S251i+/251f+ detectors are analogue addressable devices which are designed to operate with the Minerva range of analogue addressable fire control equipment currently manufactured by Thorn Security Limited. 2. 3. 1 TECHNICAL DATA The maximum number of detectors that may be connected to a Minerva system loop is 50. The maximum number of detectors that may be connected to each barrier in a Hazardous Area circuit is 10. Average current consumption: 350? A Stabilisation Time after eset /power up: 60 seconds (typical) to 90 seconds (maximum). S251+ analogue addressable signalling currents: DISCRETE SIGNALLING (OLD SYSTEM) CONDITION AFD CURRENT TYP. (mA) MINERVA MEASUREMENT (mA) MINERVA LIMITS (mA) Fault Normal Alarm 0. 75 2. 25 9. 0 1. 5 4. 5 18. 0 0 to 3. 0 3. 0 to 10. 4 16. 2 minimum Table 3: S251+ Discrete Signalling (Old System) ENHANCED SIGNALLING MODE CONDITION AFD CURRENT TYP. (mA) MINERVA MEASUREMENT (mA) MINERVA LIMITS (mA) Non Window Fault Window Fault Normal Pre-Alarm Alarm 0 1. 5 3. 0 7. 0 9. 0 0 3. 0 6. 0 14. 0 18. 0 0 to 2. 0 2. 0 to 4. 0 4. 0 to 12. 12. 0 to 16. 0 16. 0 minimum Table 4: S251+ Enhanced Signalling (New System) Note: 1) The signalling mode is selected by means of a DIL switch, see Section E 2. 1, Table 3. 2) ‘Remote Ra nge’ and ‘Self Test’ selection is not available for the S251i+ when used with a shunt diode safety barrier. CAUTION: IF USING AN S251+ WORKING IN THE ENHANCED SIGNALLING MODE TO REPLACE AN S251, THE S251+ MUST BE CONFIGURED IN ‘CONSYS’ VERSION 12. 0 OR LATER. 11 2. 4 S261f+ The S261+ is only provided in a ‘flameproof’ version. The S261f+ provides a relay interface for alarm and fault conditions. 2. 4. 1TECHNICAL DATA Supply Voltage: Fault relay: Alarm relay: Quiescent Current: Alarm Current: Fault Current: Reset Time/Voltage: Stabilisation Time after reset /power up: 15V to 28V. (Voltage at the detector). Normally closed, opens under fault conditions. Normally open, closes under alarm conditions. 11mA. (typical) at 28V supply. 30mA. (typical) at 28V supply. 37mA. (typical) at 28V supply with remote LED fitted. 350? A. (typical). Supply must be reduced to less than 2V for greater than 0. 5 seconds. 60 seconds (typical) to 90 seconds (maxi mum). Note: 1) The relay contacts are rated 2A at 28V dc. ) An external 33 ohm resistor should be fitted in series with the remote LED. 2. 5 S271i+/S271f+ The S271+ is designed to operate with the Minerva MX range of digital addressable fire control equipment currently manufactured by Thorn Security Limited. 2. 5. 1 TECHNICAL DATA For the Maximum number of S271i+ detectors and maximum cable length connected to the MX Intrinsically Safe loop, refer to document 17A-02-ISLOOP MX Intrinsically Safe System – Loop Loading Calculation. Stabilisation Time after reset /power up: 60 seconds (typical) to 90 seconds (maximum). The average current consumption is 500?A. The S271+ digital signalling: CONDITION Non-Window Fault Window Fault Pre-Alarm Alarm Normal DELTA OUTPUT (Bits) ?10 ?51 and ? 11 ?153 ?190 ?68 Table 5: 12 3. MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS 3. 6 TECHNICAL DATA Dimensions (see Fig. C-2) Height: 167mm Width: 167mm Depth: 89. 5mm max (maximum depth with flameproof guard fitted 94m m) Weight: 3. 8kg Mounting Bracket Weight: 1. 1kg Materials Enclosure: Stainless steel 316L, ANC4BFCLC to BS3146 Part 2 Window: Sapphire Mounting Bracket: Stainless steel to BS1449 Part 2 316 S16 Screws etc. exposed to the elements: Bright stainless steel 316 Electronic Module:Encapsulated. Electrical Access: Standard M20 gland holes (two) 13 3 X FLAMEPROOF GUARD MOUNTING POSTS 4 x M8 SURFACE MOUNTING HOLES OPTICAL MONITORING REFLECTOR SAPPHIRE WINDOW 167 100 149. 3 167 76. 5 TAG LABEL 52. 5 2 X 20mm GLAND HOLES NOTE: MAXIMUM HEIGHT WITH FLAMEPROOF GUARD FITTED (94mm) Fig. C-2 S200+ Series – Overall Dimensions 14 89. 5 max ‘SEE NOTE' 0 50 ADJUSTMENT 68. 5 RAD 4 x M8 SURFACE MOUNTING HOLES 100 22 0 149. 3 SURFACE MOUNTING DIMENSIONS 45 0 200mm CLEARANCE REQUIRED FOR FULL ADJUSTMENT Fig. C-3 Adjustable Mounting Bracket and Surface Mounting Dimensions 15 4. 4. 1 ENVIRONMENTAL GENERALThe design and construction of the S200+ series detectors are such that they may be used ov er a wide range of environmental conditions. Relevant limits are given in Para 4. 2. 4. 2 4. 2. 1 TECHNICAL DATA TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY, PROTECTION AND PRESSURE Operating temperature range For non hazardous installations: For hazardous installations using flameproof S200f+ detectors in ATEX certified applications: For hazardous installations using flameproof S200f+ detectors in IECEx applications: For hazardous installations using intrinsically safe S200i+ detectors in ATEX or IECEx applications: Storage temperature range:Relative humidity: Enclosure protection: Normal operating atmospheric pressure: Heat radiation from sun: -40 °C to +80 °C (110 °C for short durations) -20 °C to 80 °C -20 °C to 60 °C -40 °C to 80 °C -40 °C to +80 °C Up to 95% RH (non-condensing) Tested to IP66 and IP67* 910mbar to 1055mbar 0 to 1000Wm2 typical * Cable gland entries must be suitably sealed to achieve the required IP rating (see 3. 4 Section D). 4. 2. 2 VIBRATION AND SHOCK The S2 00+ series detectors are designed and tested for vibration and shock to EN54-10 (the Standard for flame detection components of automatic fire detection systems).For marine applications, the detectors have been tested to Lloyd’s Register Test Specification Number 1 (1996) Vibration Test 1 and to DNV Certification Notes No2. 4 (May 1995) Class A. 4. 2. 3 ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE The detector is insensitive to radio frequency interference. It has been designed and tested to the requirements of EN54-10 (the Standard for flame detection components of automatic fire detection systems) and BS EN 61000-6-3 Generic Emissions Residential Commercial and Light Industry and EN 50130-4, the generic standard for electromagnetic immunity within the European Union.The detectors have been tested to the product family standard for fire alarm systems, EN50130-4. Tests have proved the operation in field strengths of 10V/m at frequencies from 150kHz to 2000MHz with amplitude and pulse modulat ion, when installed in accordance with this manual. For Marine applications the detectors, have been tested to Lloyd’s Register Test Specification Number 1 (1996) E. M. I. Immunity for Electronic products and to DNV Certification Notes No. 2. 4 (May 1995) Electromagnetic Compatibility Tests. To comply with the above standards, ferrite tubes must be fitted to the detector base as shown in Fig. D3, Page 40. 16 4. 2. 4IONISING RADIATION The S200+ series, like other infra-red detectors, is insensitive to X-rays and gamma radiation as used in non-destructive testing. The detector will operate normally and will not false alarm when exposed to this type of radiation although long term exposure to high radiation levels may lead to permanent damage. 4. 2. 5 CORROSION The detector is able to withstand the effects of corrosion conditioning with sulphur dioxide (SO2) concentration as specified in EN54-10. For Marine applications the detectors have been tested to Lloyd’s Register T est Specification Number 1 (1996) Salt Mist test and to DNV Certification Notes No. . 4 (May 1995) Salt Mist Test. 5. OPERATION 5. 1 ALARM INDICATION A red LED is visible through the front window which gives the same indication for the S231+, S241+ and S261+ variants. Illumination indicates an alarm. The S251+ (analogue addressable variant) and the S271+ (digital addressable variant) indicate in the same manner as the other variants, but the LED is driven by the controller. In normal conditions the LED is pulsed at two second intervals for the S251+ and 5 seconds for the S271+. Continuous illumination indicates an alarm under control of the Minerva controller. 5. 2 ALARM SIGNALLINGThe detectors signal an alarm condition as follows: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ S231+ – Increase in current drawn from supply, see Fig. C-1. S241+ – Current drawn on the loop will be between 5. 7-17. 0mA. (A single value between 16. 0-19. 0mA is drawn for the S241 compatible mode) . S251+ – Returned current will be between 8. 3 and 9. 7mA. A pre-alarm function is also available which returns a current value between 6. 5 and 7. 5mA. The latter is not available for the S251 compatible mode. S261+ – Alarm relay will close. S271+ – Returned values will be ? 190 bits. A Pre-alarm function is also available which returns values of ? 153 bits.The S231+, S241+ and S261+ may be set as alarm latching or non-latching. When the S241+ is operated in the Continuously Variable Signalling mode, the alarm latching function is inoperative. The S251+/S271+ have only the non-latching mode. In the non-latching mode, if the alarm source is removed for greater than 5 seconds, then the detector will stop indicating an alarm. In the latching mode the controller must be reset to remove the alarm condition. Note: The use of an S231i+ in a non-latching mode is generally possible when the detector is connected after a shunt diode safety barrier but evaluation tests a re recommended. 7 5. 3 FAULT INDICATION For the S231+, S241+ and S261+ variants the yellow LED will flash indicating a fault. Different flashing rates are used to indicate different faults, as follows: †¢ †¢ Window obscuration: 0. 5Hz Detector fault: 2. 0Hz The S251+/S271+ will not provide a local indication for a fault, instead the fault indication will be displayed on the controller. 5. 4 FAULT SIGNALLING The detectors signal a fault condition as follows: S231+ – Open circuit fault band ie, the EOL resistor is made open circuit.The faulty detector puts 4 pulses of total width 45ms and level 55mA on the line which is detected by the S231+ connected at the end of the zone. This detector open circuits the EOL resistor. Note: The end detector in the zone must be an S231+ with the EOL fitted as it is this device which will signal a fault, the faulty detector will indicate with a flashing yellow LED. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ S241+ – Current drawn on the lo op will be as follows: †¢ 0. 0 to 0. 5mA for a detector fault †¢ 1. 8 to 2. 2mA for a window fault †¢ 1. 3 to 1. 7mA for any fault in the S241 compatible mode S251+ – Analogue returned current will be as follows: †¢ 0. 0 to 0. mA for a detector fault †¢ 1. 3 to 1. 7mA for a window fault †¢ 0. 65 to 0. 85mA for any fault in the S251 compatible mode S261+ – Fault relay will open S271+ – Digital returned values will be as follows: †¢ between ? 51 and ? 11 bits for a window fault †¢ ? 10 for a non-window fault The S231+/S241+/S261+ detectors may be selected as fault latching or non-latching. In the nonlatching mode, the fault condition will be cancelled up to 80 seconds after the fault has been removed. The S251+/S271+ have only the non-latching mode. 18 5. 5 SENSITIVITY (RANGE) SELECTION The range is switch selectable on a 6-way DIL (4-way S271+) switch (S1, Fig.C-4) on the backbox terminal PCB. The following nominal ranges a re available: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Extended range. (50 metres) Normal range. (25 metres) Reduced range (12. 5 metres) 6m (S251f+ and S271f+ only) These ranges are for an n-heptane fire in a 0. 1m2 pan located on the main axis of the detector field of view. With the S241+ set to Continuously Variable Signalling mode (see Section E 2. 1), the nominal ranges above correspond to an alarm threshold set to 17mA. Laboratory tests indicate that setting the alarm thresholds at 9 and 15mA (as opposed to 17mA) will increase the range a fire is detected at by approximately 20 and 10% respectively.For the S251+/S271+, the detection distance for the PRE-ALARM function is approximately 18% higher than the ALARM distance. Range can also be selected in MX CONSYS and will take effect if all switches are in the OFF position from the controller for the S271+. There is provision for halving the range value selected by the switches. If the terminal connector ‘Range’ is connected t o 0V then the detection range is reduced to half that of the switch setting. This may be done by taking cables to a remote contact the other side of which is connected to the same 0V as the reference for ‘Line In’ supply. . 6 DELAY TO ALARM The minimum delay to alarm is 3 seconds from a fire being present in the field of view that is large enough to be detected. This delay is also switch selectable using 6-way (4-way S271+) DIL switch (S1, Fig. C-4), the following additional values are available: †¢ †¢ Note: 6 seconds. 12 seconds. The minimum delay to alarm is 3 seconds. However, with this setting, the detector requires that the alarm threshold level has been exceeded throughout for a minimum of 3 seconds in any given 5 second window. Therefore, for fires where the intensity varies, the time to alarm may be longer.Similarly, for the 6 second setting, the alarm threshold level must be maintained for a minimum of 6 seconds in any 8 second window and for the 12 s econd setting, the alarm threshold level must be maintained for a minimum of 12 seconds in any 14 second window. When the S241+ is operated in Continuously Variable Signalling mode, the delay to alarm switches on S1 are inoperative. This means that in windy conditions where the fire signal varies over time, the detection range will be reduced on the longer time to alarm settings.The signal is smoothed to reduce jitter and this results in a settling time of between 3s and 5s. Further delay could be added by the controller if required. 19 In the case of the S251+, there is additional delay to alarm introduced by the confirmation procedure of the Minerva control panel. This extra delay is between 4 and 6 seconds. For the S251+/S271f+ PRE-ALARM function, the delay to alarm settings on switch S1 are inoperative, the only delay is that introduced by the Minerva/MX panel. For the S271+, the delay may be set from MX CONSYS via the controller if all the switches are in the OFF position.SWITC H S1 (S271+ ONLY) SWITCH S2 (S251+ ONLY) SWITCH S1 SWITCH S2 (S271+ ONLY) ON S1 ON S1 ON S2 ON S2 1 4 1 6 1 7 1 8 INTERFACE PCB CONNECTOR BLOCKS RELAYS AND CONNECTOR BLOCK (S261+ ONLY) Fig. C-4 Switch Location 5. 7 SELF-TEST The detector normally carries out a complete self-test every 20 minutes. The self-test exercises the pyro-electric sensors, electronics and monitors the window for cleanliness. If the window cleanliness test fails on 20 successive occasions (6 hours 40 minutes), a fault condition is generated and the fault LED, where fitted, flashes at the rate of 0. 5Hz.In this condition, the window self-test only is automatically repeated every minute until the window clears and window self-test passes. If the window test continuously fails then the complete self-test will still be repeated every 20 minutes. Other self-test failures will be indicated on the first test after they have occurred. For the complete ‘self-tests’ to be run automatically, the ‘self- test’ connection on the terminal board must be left open circuit when the unit is powered up. In this mode, additional self-tests may be initiated remotely by connecting 0V to the ‘self-test’ terminal, refer to the wiring diagrams in Section D. 0 The detector may be powered up in such a condition that the window ‘self-test’ can only be initiated remotely on demand (the automatic window ‘self-test’ is disabled). In order for this to be achieved the detector must be powered up with the ‘self-test’ terminal connected to 0V (terminals 3 or 5). To initiate the test for the first time after power up, the connection to the ‘self-test’ terminal must be opened for at least 5 seconds and then closed again. This ‘self-test’ function (which takes 10 seconds) will commence within 2 seconds of the closing and the result of the test indicated for as long as the connection remains closed.If the test passes, an alar m condition will be indicated and if it fails a fault condition will be indicated. To remove the test indication, the connection to the ‘self-test’ terminal must be opened. A self-test fail indication due to a window fault will remain until a window ‘self-test’ is successful and will then unlatch after a 1 minute delay. The ‘self-test’ should not be repeated more frequently than every 20 seconds (to allow the ‘self-test’ circuitry to recharge) as erroneous results may occur. Note: that if a unit is poorly sited such that sunlight can reach the window test detector element, the receive amplifier may saturate.In this event, that particular test is aborted and if this situation persists for 6 hours 40 minutes, the unit will register a fault condition. CAUTION: A REMOTELY INITIATED TEST WILL PRODUCE AN ALARM SIGNAL FROM THE DETECTOR IF THE TEST SHOWS THAT THE WINDOW IS CLEAN. TAKE THE NECESSARY STEPS TO INHIBIT A FULL ALARM CONDITION A T THE CONTROL PANEL BEFORE PROCEEDING. IF THE SELF-TEST CONNECTION IS NOT OPENED AFTER A SELF-TEST THE DETECTOR WILL REMAIN DISABLED. The window ‘self-test’ may be disabled by permanently connecting the ‘self-test’ terminal to 0V (pins 3 or 5) before power up.This may be desirable in those conditions in which contaminants may make the window appear dirty but which may not affect the ability of the detector to otherwise function normally. The detector may be reset by reducing the voltage to less than 2 volts for greater than 0. 5 seconds. A remote LED may be used with the detector except for the S251i+ and S271i+ when the detector is used through a shunt diode safety barrier or galvanic isolator. A ‘self-test’ may be initiated remotely from the controller for the S271+ (dependant on MX firmware version). 1 6. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS 6. 1 GENERAL A large number of fire tests have been carried during the development phase of the S200+ Series d etectors to determine their response limits. The results of these tests are summarised below. In order to appreciate their significance, an understanding of the mode of the operation of the detector is necessary, and a brief explanation follows: 6. 2 MODE OF OPERATION – BEHAVIOUR IN FIRE TESTS Flaming fires involving carbonaceous materials produce large quantities of carbon dioxide.This part of the combustion process gives rise to a very high level of infra-red radiation in a narrow wavelength region centred upon 4. 3? m. The radiation from a fire flickers in a characteristic way and the detector uses this flicker signal in conjunction with the black body rejection technique described in Section A to discriminate between flame and non-flame signals. The level of the signal depends upon the size of the flame and its distance from the detector. For liquid fuels the signal level increases as the surface area of the burning liquid increases.For any type of fire the signal level g enerally varies inversely with the square of the distance. For convenience, fire tests are normally carried out using liquid fuels burning in pans of known area in still air. Note: The results of fire tests can be significantly affected by weather conditions prevailing at the time, eg, – wind. The sensitivity of a detector can then be conveniently expressed as the distance at which a particular fire size can be detected. While the S200+ will reject modulated signals from blackbody sources, the presence of such sources of high intensity may affect the sensitivity of the detectors.It is important to think in terms of distance rather than time because of the different burning characteristics of different fuels. Fig. C-5 shows the response to two different fuels which ultimately produce the same signal level. The signal level given by n-heptane quickly reaches its maximum and produces an alarm within about six seconds of ignition. Diesel, on the other hand, being less volatile, t akes about a minute to reach equilibrium and an alarm is given in about 60 seconds from ignition. Note: 22If a fire test is carried out using non-miscible fuels then it is strongly recommended that water be placed in the bottom of the pan to keep it cool and prevent it deforming. A sufficient amount of fuel must be placed in the pan to ensure combustion occurs over all of its area throughout the intended duration of the test. 2 a) 0. 1m N-HEPTANE PAN FIRE b) 0. 1m 2 DIESEL PAN FIRE c) 0. 1m 2 METHANOL/ETHANOL PAN FIRE a) c) ENERGY FROM FIRES a) and c) at 25m FIRE b) AT 15m ENERGY b) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 TIME SECONDS Fig. C-5 Burn Characteristics of Pan FiresThe time taken by the fire to reach equilibrium depends on the initial temperature of the fuel. If diesel were to be pre-heated to a temperature above its flash point then its behaviour would be more like that of n-heptane at 25oC. The test data presented below refers to fires which have reached their equilibrium condition. 6. 3 F IRE TEST DATA The S200+ range has been tested by LPCB to BS EN 54 Part 10 : 2002 and classified as a Class 1 flame detector on the 50m and 25m range settings. The S200+ is certified as Class 3 on the 12m range setting. 6. 3. 1 N-HEPTANEThe most convenient fuel for fire tests is n-heptane since it is readily available and quickly reaches its equilibrium burning rate. The range figures specified in Para 5. 5 relate to a n-heptane fire in a 0. 1m2 pan on the main axis of the detector field of view. 6. 3. 2 OTHER LIQUID HYDROCARBONS Typical ranges achieved with other fuels burning on 0. 1m2 pans, relative to that for n-heptane, are as follows: Alcohol (Ethanol, Meths) Petrol 100%* 95% Paraffin, Kerosene, JP4 70%** Diesel fuel 52% * Test performed using meths in a 0. 25m2 pan. ** Test performed using paraffin.The detection range is also a function of pan area. Field trials using n-Heptane fires indicate that the detection range increases by approximately 20% when the pan area is doubled. 23 Note: 6. 3. 3 When testing at the limits of the detectors range, the delay in response will vary due to the ambient conditions and may be significantly longer than the minimum response times, as described in 5. 6. GAS FLAMES The S200+ will not detect a hydrogen fire as it does not contain carbon. The S200+ will detect gas fires from inflammable gases containing carbon and hydrogen providing its flame produces flame modulation in the 1 to 15Hz ange. Fires burning a premixed air/gas mixture may be difficult to detect as they may produce little modulation. Tests show that an S200+ detector set to the 50m range will typically detect a 0. 8m high and 0. 2 sqm area methane/natural gas flame (venting from an 8mm diameter gas vent at 0. 5Bar (7. 5lbs/sq in) as below: Range 6. 3. 4 30m 40m 50m Time to Respond 3 seconds 6 seconds 15 seconds DIRECTIONAL SENSITIVITY WARNING: WHEN MOUNTING THE FLAMEPROOF VERSIONS OF THE S200+ DETECTORS, ENSURE THAT THE PARTS OF THE FLAMEPROOF GUARD INDICATED IN FIG.C-6 ARE NOT DIRECTED AT THE RISK AREA BEING PROTECTED, AS THE FIELD OF VIEW IS RESTRICTED. MIRROR COVER DO NOT MOUNT THE FLAMEPROOF VERSION OF THE S200+ DETECTOR WITH THIS PART OF THE GUARD (WINDOW PROTECTOR) DIRECTED AT THE RISK AREA BEING PROTECTED. RESTRICTED FIELD OF VIEW DUE TO WINDOW GUARD METAL PROTRUSION 24 Fig. C-6 The sensitivity of the S200+ is at a maximum on the detector axis. The variation of range with angle of incidence is shown in (Polar Diagrams) Figs. C-7 and C-8 for open air tests using 0. 1m2 pan fires with the detector operating at normal range. 90 80 DETECTOR o PLAN VIEW 90 o