Feasibility Study Essay Example for Free

Feasibility Study Essay2.1 FEASIBILITY STUDYThe feasibility of the project is analyzed in this phase and business proposal is regularise forth with a very general plan for the project and some cost estimates. During dodge digest the feasibility study of the proposed system is to be carried pop. This is to hold that the proposed system is not a burden to the company. For feasibility analysis, some understanding of the major requirements for the system is essential.Three key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis areECONOMICAL FEASIBILITYTECHNICAL FEASIBILITYSOCIAL FEASIBILITYECONOMICAL FEASIBILITYThis study is carried out to weaken the economic impact that the system will have on the organization. The amount of fund that the company can pour into the research and development of the system is limited. The expenditures must be justified. Thus the certain system as well within the budget and this was achieved because most of the technologies used are freely avai lable. Only the customized products had to be purchased.TECHNICAL FEASIBILITYThis study is carried out to check the adept feasibility, that is, the technical requirements of the system. Any system developed must not have a high demand on the available technical resources. This will lead to high demands on the available technical resources. This will lead to high demands being placed on the client. The developed system must have a modest requirement, as only minimal or null changes are required for implementing this system.SOCIAL FEASIBILITYThe aspect of study is to check the level of acceptance of the system by the user. This includes the process of training the user to use the system efficiently. The user must not feel threatened by the system, instead must accept it as a necessity. The level of acceptance by the users solely depends on the methods that are employed to educate the user or so the system and to make him familiar with it. His level of confidence must be raised so th at he is also able to make some reconstructive criticism, which is welcomed, as he is the final user of the system.

The Pearl Essay Example for Free

The Pearl EssayThe book The Pearl, paints numerous lessons to several disciplines, but more in logical argument because the whole story revolves the sell of the collect and the way the different stakeholders acted through. kino gum the main character, together with his wife sets out to find a fall to get money to treat their son Coyotito who has been bitten by a scorpion. They find a big precious pearl that changes the whole goal, from treating the child to educating him, buying a rifle, and improved life standards. This was quite too ambitious and so it was difficult to reach it. The pearl gives us the two perspectives about the nature of human beings.The stark(a) type of people who have love and concern, especially for their family unit and their neighbourhood and those types of people who only focus on getting richer in spite of the manner they use to amass property. At the beginning of the story, Kino is an unprejudiced contented father who cares for his family in t he surpass way possible (Steinbeck, Wagner-Martin, and Orozco, 1994). One point that demonstrates this is when Kino closed his eyes to listen to the song of the family song that was playing in his mind Steinbeck, Wagner-Martin, and Orozco, 1994). At the time his boy is stung by a scorpion the neighbours showed concern.On the other hand, human nature also has a weakness, of focusing on gaining wealth and not relation. The very first picture is the one portrayed by the doctor who never visited them but concentrated on the rich families only. As the story progresses we see the vulnerability that exists in all people, as Kino changes from an innocent loving husband to a criminal because of wanting to be rich. Here the doctor too shows the self-centeredness of people never minding, even if the lives of others are in danger. Coyotito could die but the doctor fist valued money before treating him.These are the two major facets of human life. This book is also very chief(prenominal) for all entrepreneurs and established business people. All business ventures are aimed at getting wealth but business ethics calls for a balance amongst relating with people well and getting money from favourable and genuine business deals. The book centers on the greed among business men, which will make them, use unprincipled ways of getting wealthy, a practice that is very much against business ethics. Among these are middle men who get rich from trading with poor people, good-looking them so little as their returns for the hard work they have done.Kino represents the poor who work had to see their dreams, such as healthy and decent lives for their families, and discipline for their children (Steinbeck, Wagner-Martin, and Orozco, 1994). The middle men are the traders who had links abroad, who wanted to buy the pearl at a price that is not worth represent these greedy dictatorial middlemen. It is also against business ethics that people should forget the corporate social respons ibility and get imprisoned on the dehumanizing effects of gaining wealth.Kino turned absent from his neighbours, and he too focused on providing materially for his son rather than keeping focus on emotional call for as material needs follow suite. Thinking about corporate social responsibility, this story evidently paints the existence of business men and organizations, which will not see the society, which is their target marketplace as important stakeholders that need respect, but stepping stones to get richer. The pearl fortune that came Kinos way did not add value to his confederacy, but do him almost an outcast of the same community. Any business venture must have the characteristics of trustworthiness.In this, businesspeople must be honest and uphold virtue or possess fidelity in all things. The pearl buyers contributed to the crumbling of Kinos dreams by not offering to buy the pearl at good price. In business too, people should always be responsible in pursuit of excel lence they should not be too ambitious and greedy. Kinos was over ambitious amidst an oppressive society that would not allow him get the much he wanted from the pearl. Growth is always in small travel and Kino would have accepted to grow in wisdom from the little that he was offered. Business also muss bear the greatest sense of jurist and fairness.This is to say that every procedure should be fair, have equity in all cases and impartiality in dealing with people of all lifestyles. Consistency and comparison characterizes this point. The doctor neglected the poor people and wouldnt do his business with them. This is clear because he only came to visit Kino to treat Coyotito because he knew the pearl would pay him. Every business venture must also show the caring attitude towards the people. In this story we see Kino slowly set his whole self and might to the pearl forgetting that he should care for the family.Business and organizations should also value civic virtue and citizens hip, which is aimed at looking at how the pastoral as a whole will benefit from the company or the organizations venture. They should therefore abide by the law, offer services to the community community services, and to endeavor in protecting the environment. In the Pearls case, every one eyed the pearl for their own purposes. Kinos attackers wanted to get the pearl from him in unlawful means Kino solely wanted the peal to benefit his family and had no plans to benefit the entire community, to level best of his ability (Steinbeck, Wagner-Martin, and Orozco, 1994).The story also shows that that those people biding for the pearl had no respect, a fundamental thing business or corporate world. In chapter four, when Kino was selling the pearl, some looked at it and rejected it as a mere oddity. The book, upon careful reflections gives us the idea about the virtuous, and the un-virtuous human nature. It also shows us specific set such as integrity, respect, contentment, community jus tice and impartiality, and good citizenship. By using the style of portraying a people who do not value business ethics, the book enforces in its readers a strong sense of corporate social responsibility.

Overview of the Indus Qater Treaty

Overview of the Indus Qater TreatyCHAPTER VFrom time immemorial man has been emotion eithery attached to pee. pissing disputes have existed through with(predicate) verboten the history of mankind and diverse mechanisms to deal with problems have been move. So far no clear cut directions or conventions have emerged to deal with water system disputes. Many organizations, including legal associations, have tried to lay down some principles. The best of these are the Helsinki Rules evolved by the International Law Association in 1966 at its 52 conference at Helsinki 1. However at best the Helsinki Rules can serve as guidelines and in the case of the sub-continent the conditions are antithetical because they deal with distri hardlyion of water for the purpose of irrigation which is not the case of Europe. The recent stresses and strains in the observance of the Indus Water Treaty (IWT)2have been alarming. India has signed several agreements with its neighbours for sharing of water s of the major rivers of the subcontinent. Currently quartet major treaties govern the distribution of the waters of Ganges, Indus and Brahmaputra. These are the Indus Water Treaty (1960) in the midst of India and Pakistan, Sankosh Multipurpose Project treaty (1993) between India and Bhutan, the Ganges Water sacramental manduction Agreement (1996) between India and Bangladesh, and the Mahakali Treaty (1996) between India and Nepal. The reluctance in the observance of the Indus Water Treaty (IWT)3 have had many analysts believe the relation between India and Pakistan ordain be governed to a large extend by issues of water sharing in the years to come.The Indus River SystemThe northern and western part of the Indian subcontinent is irrigated by the Indus River and its system of upper tributaries. The Indus then travels a length of approximately 3000 kms through Tibet, Jammu and Kashmir, POK, and Pakistan before entering the Arabian Sea. There are several distributaries that join t he Indus River in its journey to the seas and the most important ones which are discussed in this chapter are Beas, Sutlej, Ravi, Chena band Jhelum rivers.The Indus TributariesSutlej Sutlej is the longest of the many tributaries that join the Indus. The River Sutlej originates in Tibet and runs a course of approximately 1500 kms through the mountain ranges of Himachal Pradesh and enters Pakistan through the plains of Punjab. The Husseiniwala Headworks has been innovationed downstream at the junction between of Beas and Sutlej, the closure of which on May 1, 1948 started the water crisis that encouraged the IWT. These Husseiniwals headworks supplied water to the State of Bikaner through Bikaner communication channel and the state of Bahawalpurfrom the Depalpur Canal. The Bhakra Dam, which Nehru called the new temple of resurgent India,4 is likewise situated on this river. Another important headwork on this Sutlej is Harike that water the Sirhind canal and Rajasthan canal.Chenab Th is approximately 1000 km long river originates in Himachal Pradesh and is further augmented by Chandra and Bagha as it enters Jammu and Kashmir. After crossing the Pir Panjal range, it enters the Sialkot district in Pakistan near the town of Akhnoor. The Marala barrage has been built by Pakistan across the river in 1968 as part of its design to harness the water of the river under the provisions of the IWT.Jhelum Kishenganga (Neelum) The Kishenganga river originates in the mountains west of Dras and is further met by a be of tributaries and merges with the Jhelum River near Muzaffarabad in PoK. The Jhelum River originates in the foothills of the Pir Panjal Ranges near Verinag and then lams through the cities of Anantnag, Srinagar, Sopore and Baramulla. Some of its important tributaries are Lidar, Sindand Vishav.Ravi This approximately 800 km long river rises in Himachal Pradesh and runs before join Chenabin Pakistan after flowing past Lahore. The Thien Dam (Ranjit Sagar Dam) has been constructed on this river at the junction of Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir States and feeds the Upper Bari Doab Canal.Beas This approximately 500 km long river originates near Rohtang Passin Himachal Pradesh and flows through Kulu valley and the Siwalik Range. The Pandoh Dam is located on this and diverts water to Sutlej through the Beas-Sutlej link.The Indus Water TreatyEven prior to 1947, as the irrigation from the Indus river systems covered a number of administrative units and water available was not always sufficient to meet the combined demands, disputes utilize to arise from time to time between these units for their share of water at different times of the year, and for the different escorts contemplated by them5. The partition of India in 1947 was a complex problem and one which the then rulers of India did not solve satisfactorily. The problem was further abstruse by the presence of several b narrate princely states especially that of Jammu Kash mir as well as the river systems of Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra. The Indus river system presented a very complex problem because all the rivers originated either in Jammu and Kashmir or India but the irrigated the areas of Punjab that had been allocated to Pakistan also headworks that regulated the flow of waters of these rivers were allotted to India. Apart from the Punjab Boundary Commission proposition that the canal-headworks system be considered as a joint venture, a suggestion discarded by both countries, no deliberations were carried bug out on water sharing during the process of partition. Problems arising out of water sharing issues of Indus System would later take more than 10 years to resolve. Further complicating this issue, Pakistan covertly and later overtly tried to take train of Jammu Kashmir for many reasons including that of its perceived need to have the rivers of Jammu and Kashmir under its control which creating a feeling of animosity in the minds of the I ndian politicians.Both India and Pakistan agreed to a rack Agreement on Dec 30, 1947thereby freezing the existing water systems at the two headworks of Madhopur (on theRavi) and Ferozepur (on the Sutlej) until March, 31, 19486. Arbitral Tribunal (AT) was set up under Section nightspot of the Indian Independence Act which was meant to resolve any dispute which the Punjab Partition Committee was unable to resolve. The East Punjab government decided to stop the flow of water to West Punjab on 01 April 1948 when the East Punjab government did not respond favorably to the idea of talks and so technically there was no agreement between these two government. Incidentally the term of the AT also finished on the same day.At the invitation of East Punjab, the representatives of the two divided-Punjab States met in Simla on15 Apr 1948and signed two affiliation Agreements7regarding the Depalpur Canal and Central Bari Doab Canal to be in effect until15 Oct 1948. However, the West Punjab Gove rnment refused to approve the Agreement and the PM of Pakistan, called for a meeting. The Finance Minister of Pakistan along with ministers from West Pakistan visited Delhito work out an agreement8in the Inter-Dominion Conference held on May 1948.Indiaagreed to release of water from the headworks, but made it obvious that Pakistan could not lay claim to these waters.Mr Eugene R. Black, the electric chair of the World shore visited India and Pakistan in 1951 and suggested that a team of Indian, Pakistani and World Bank engineers to solve the functional aspect of water sharing without getting relate in the political issues. The two countries accepted this intermediation9. The World Bank also asked both the sides to give out their plan for the division of the water resources which both the countries did by Oct 53. While the plans of both the estate were remarkably similar on the issue of availability of water it varied considerably on the critical issues of requirement10.In order t o resolve the dispute, the World Bank finally proposed its own plan in Feb 1954 as India and Pakistan had failed to reach a consences. The plan offered the Indus, Chenab and Jhelum rivers to Pakistan whereas the three remaining rivers were offered to India. India accepted the end whereasP akistan gave but a qualified acceptance to the proposal. The plan suggested by the World Bank was far closer to the Indian proposal than that of the Pakistan one and in a way consolidated Indias position. Pakistan was not satisfied with this plan and even made a threat of withdrawing from the negotiations. Eventually the plan was not fully transformed into a settlement but provided provision for future negotiations which continued for the next six years.11 12In the absence of a full agreement India and Pakistan signed an Interim Agreement in June 1955. As no definite agreement could be reached, the World Bank announced in Apr 1956 that the negotiation deadline has been indefinitely extended.13Und er the World Bank plan, Pakistan was to construct barrages and canals to divert the Western river waters so as to compensate the loss of Eastern rivers. The final treaty was signed by the head of states of the two country in the presence of the World Bank President on 19 Sep 1960. The treaty allocated the three Eastern Rivers to India and the three Western rivers largely to Pakistan. The IWT enunciated a mechanism to exchange regularly flow-data of rivers, canals and streams. A Permanent Indus Commission (PIC) was constituted, headed by two Commissioners, one from each country. The PIC is expected to meet at to the lowest degree once a year alternately in India and Pakistan and submit an annual report to their individual Governments before June, 30thevery year.The IWT has seen several issues that have rocked the very foundation of the treaty. No more issue was more publicized than the aftermath of the attacks on the Indian Parliament. There was also a widespread demand within Indi a for withdrawal from the IWT after the attack on the Indian Parliament on December 13, 2001. Apart from this some of the contentious issues have been elaborated in the succeeding paragraphs.The Tulbul piloting lock away/Wullar Barrage IssueIn order to improve navigation in the Wullar Lake , India planned to construct a barrage on the entrance of the lake so as to raise the flow of water as also increase the depth to accommodate larger vessels. This would result in the increase of the storage capacity of the lake and therefore Pakistan objected to the supposedly consummative use of water. Pakistans objection14 15stems from two issues, one India needs to get consensus of the design from Pakistan and two, it cannot store waters as per IWT on the Jhelum Main anything in excess of 0.01 MAF. Pakistan also feels that any storage of water on the Jhelum is a security risk as it would provide India with the capability to control the flow of water into Pakistan which could be used in an off ensive nature. Indias argument16is that such a construction will not minify the amount of water flowing to Pakistan and in fact it would also be beneficial to Pakistan by regulating water flow to Mangla Dam. When the agreement was reached in 1991, the only point of contention that remained was the timing of the filling up of the lake.The Salal hydroelectric ProjectThis was the first major dispute successfully resolved bilaterally under IWT. The swan provides waters to Pakistan in a regulated manner but involves no diversion by India. However, Pakistan successfully objected to the construction of the six anti-siltation sluice gates which resulted in decreased precedent generation capacity. India also agreed to reduce the heights of the spillway gates from 40 feet to 30 feet.The Ranbir and Pratap CanalsThe Ranbir Canal, were built by the Dogra rulers of Jammu and Kashmir and were meant to water the areas of Miran Sahib, Vijaypur and Madhopur. Under the treaty, India is allowed to t ake out a fixed quantity of water for these channels. Many restrictions, such as quantum and dates of withdrawal have been imposed on India by the IWT.The Kishenganga Project17The project involves the construction of a 103 metre dam before the crosses the disputation of Control (LoC) and a channel and a 27 Km long tunnel through the North Kashmirranges to transport the water to the Wullar lake where a hydroelectric power station will be built as part of an integrated project. Pakistan objects to the Kishenganga project as it suspected that it would have an adverse impact on its envisaged 969-MW Neelum-Jhelumpower plant. This project was initially planned for 1994-1997 but lies inactive because of lack of funds. The Indian Kishenganga project is expected to lead to a shortfall of 21% loss of water flow in Neelum resulting in a 9% reduction in power for the Pakistani project.18The Baglihar ProjectThe dispute over the Baglihar is technically complex. Pakistan has raised six objections relating to project configuration free board, spillway ( ungated or gated), firm power, pondage, level of intake, inspection during plugging of low level intake, and wheather the structure is meant to be a low weir or a dam19.One set of objections relates to the dams storage capacity, a second to the power intake tunnels, and a third to the spillways. As for the dams storage capacity, Pakistani officials call attention to the treatys allowance of only run of the river dams. Such dams are by definition non-storage dams-in other words, power is generated from normal river flow, the tapping of running not dammed water. In practice, Pakistanis concede, some storage is essential (and is explicitly authorized by the treaty) there is, after all, considerable (especially seasonal) variation in the flow of rivers, a fact that necessitates installation of sufficient storage to enable stable, efficient operation of the hydroelectric plant on a regular, year round basis.Pakistani officials proceed that the Baglihar dams design supplies India with the means, on the one hand, to economically squeeze, starve or strangulate Pakistan, or, on the other hand, to flood Pakistan, conceivably for military purposes. They argue, moreover, that the Baglihar dam has huge precedent-setting importance for Pakistan to compromise on Baglihar, they say, would set a precedent that India could invoke whenever it liked elsewhere on the Chenab or Jhelum rivers.Dr Raymond Lafitte of the Federal Institute of Technology at Lausanne, Switzerland, was appointed by the World Bank and confirmed by India and Pakistan in May 2005 as the neutral arbitrator. Though Lafitte ruled favorably towards India on three of the four main criteria, both nations claimed victory20.Each emphasized points of the ruling that favored their respective initial positions.Reasons for SuccessIn spite of the various points of conflict in the IWT, the treaty can dummy up be sited as an example of successful mediation by an international organization in dispute resolution. A unique mix of circumstances contributed to the success of the effort21 -The World Bank played the honest negociate honestly and impartially.As both countries lacked financial resources to undertake projects independently the position of the World Bank became highly influential.The discussion was consciously restricted to engineering principles and facts and filtered out all political discourse from the issue.Despite the treatys success over the past decades, India and Pakistan have experienced numerous disputes over modifications to the flow of rivers. The increasing need to maintain a steady flow of water for survival and the recent rise in disagreement over aspects of the treaty raise the question of whether the treaty is still adequate22. Disagreements on construction of new reservoirs, declining ground water potential and the growing number of disputes with India23 after a relatively uneventful period has complicated the att itude for Pakistan and therefore arises the need to re-work the treaty. Indias Water Wealth, pp210.6032. TheINDUSWATERS TREATY 1960 between THE GOVERNMENT OFINDIA, THE GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTANAND THE INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT.A River Story, Nandita Bhavnani,The Hindu,June 6, 2004 http//www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2004060600580800.htmdate=2004/06/06/prd=magDepartment of Irrigation, Govt. of Rajasthan, http//www.rajirrigation.gov.in/4bhakhra.htmIndias Water Wealth, pp211.Ibid, pp211.Water Rationality Mediating the Indus Waters Treaty,Undala Z. Alam, University ofDurham http//www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/publications/related_research/Alam1998.pdfInter-Dominion Agreement, between the GoI and GoP on the Canal Water Dispute between East and WestPunjab.Water Rationality Mediating the Indus Waters Treaty,Undala Z. Alam, University ofDurham http//www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/publications/related_research/Alam1998.pdfIndusWater Treaty c asing Study, Transboundary Fresh Water Dispute Database http//www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/TheIndusWaters Treaty A History by TheHenryL.StimsonCenterFostering Riparian Cooperation in International River Basins, Syed Kirmani, Guy Le Moigne World Bank Technical Paper 335, January 1997World Bank Historical Chronology 1950-1959Water Disputes inSouth Asia, Farzana Noshab, Nadia Mushtaq,Strategic Studies, Summer 2001, No.3, Vol. XXI, the Institute of Strategic Studies,IslamabadInternationalRiverWaters inSouth Asia Source of Conflict or Cooperation? http//irs.org.pk/spotlight.htmVIIIDelhi Round of Indo-Pak Talks-II Tulbul Navigation Project/Wular Barrage, Mallika Joseph http//www.ipcs.org/newKashmirLevel2.jsp?action=showViewkValue=466subCatID=nullmod=null330-MW Kishenganga Project gets Technical Clearance,Iftikhar Gilani,KashmirTimes http//kasmirtimes.com/archive/0406/040619/news2.htmIbidTwo Neighbours and aTreaty Bagliar Project in Hot Waters by Rajesh Sinha, Wat er Conflicts in India ,pp394. pick Disputes in South Asis Water Scarcity and the Potential for Interstate Conflicts, Emma Condon, Office of South Asia Analysis , US CIA, pp 6.The Role of Independent Third Party arbitration in Cross Border Water Disputes by Nishesh Mehat.The China-India-Pakistan Water Crisis Prospect for Interstate Conflict, James F Brennan.The Indus Water Treaty , Subrahmanyam Sridhar.

Roles Of Women In Hindi Films Media Essay

Roles Of Women In Hindoo Films Media EssayBollywood, the second largest film intentness is widely k straightwayn for its nisus of creative art. It is a form of art with the ability to entertain, educate, and reflect and spring our sense of who we be and our understanding of the monastic order in which we live. In Hindi films at that place exists the hero and heroine, however gender hierarchy shtup be seen and importance is imposed on the potent actor. One would agree that the Hindi film industry is young-begetting(prenominal)-centric, with limited space for females to be versatile in the character they runaway. The roles played by the heroine be almost replicated by the akin guidelines seen within the Indian company. The Indian society is an influence to Bollywood and is what shapes and defines the roles played by females in films. It has been quoted if the image of women in the cinema is submissive or secondary, it is the society who is responsible for it . . . filmmak ers, keeping in mind the commercial aspect of films, simply highlight what exists1. The portrayal of women in Hindi films has been stable in correspondence to the norms and values contained in the Indian society.India is known to be a hierarchal society, whether it is religion, northern or southern Indian, all groups of people are ranked according to various qualities. Within gender hierarchy, men outrank women of the same or akin(predicate) age, and senior relatives outrank junior relatives2. This same concept is taken into the Hindi film industry where more emphasis is created on the male actor. From the beginning of the film process importance is on the male. For example within the internal aspects of film processing the second step is acquisition of call foring male role and then followed by female acquisitions3. None the less, females are a precession in films however their portrayals in films are steady and follow reliable guidelines according to the roles played.Indian so ciety has some(prenominal) norms and values, one being the role played by an individual in the society. In Indian society the predominant forms of how women are seen are either as the nurturing return, innocent wife, the vamp, or the educated modern charr. One or more forms of these roles are always portrayed in Hindi films. With these roles come specific characteristics that are viewed in the society which are then followed and designateed in Hindi films. For example it is considered ideal for a woman in Indian society to shoot characteristics that include, passive, victimized, sacrificial, submissive, glorified, static, one-dimensional and resilient4. These are the traits that are then brought into the film which not only reflect culture, but in addition shape culture.India is a religiously complex society with dominancy in the complex religion of Hinduism. In traditional Indian society there were definite and essential norms of demeanor that were usually passed down from previous generations. For example Sita, from the Hindu mythology of Ramayana was seen as ideal woman and ideal wife as she was unwaveringly loyal to her husband and obeys his wishes unquestionably5. Hindi films have achieved this ideal of wifes self devotion. The Indian society is known to be restricted to strict rules and regulations which are to be followed by women. The moral of the Indian society states no independence in women and that she should always be under the guidance of another significant male. For example a female in childhood is subjected to her father, in youth to her husband and after to her children. This interpretation of females can be seen in the film scram India directed by Mehoob Khan. This film reveals the ideal characteristics of a mother played by Nargis. At the beginning of the movie it seen that she plays the typical role of a female who is married in an Indian traditional manner. The song Pi Ke Ghar Aaj Pyari Dulhaniya Chali is a significant with the line that states that it is a womens fate to leave home. This applies to the traditional moral of the female being passed on from the authority of the father to her husband who now she must be committed to. This is seen in the character. Dharma referring self-subsistence or a universal law or norm, which applies at the moral, the ritual and social level6. This is another religious and fab aspect that is inflicted upon women. This is also portrayed in the film through and expressed in the song Duniya Men Hum Aaye Hain. Here the lyrics in the song express that the only honour that a women has in her life is a womens dharma. In context of the movie it states that a women may everywherecome her struggles but with the conditions that are sleek over expected with the role of a mother. After her husband leaving her she still has hope that he will return and keeps faith and raises her children on her own sacrificing everything she has. This shows the over stress on the love for husband a nd the duties she has as a mother. It can be seen that in any case, in Indian society the first priority of females is to always keep in mind the norms and values placed on them as females. One may argue that these norms and values have changed within the Indian society with the progression of modernization. However, the lifestyle may have changed in roles of mothers, but the beliefs of the values and norms still exist. For example Kal Ho Na Ho directed by Nikhil Advani is a film set in raw York with a modern setting. The role played by Jaya Bachchan shows similar characteristics of a mother which were portrayed by Nargis in Mother India. Jaya Bachchan, also a widowed female in the film experiences many difficulties due to her husband committing suicide. Even though the true ratiocination behind the suicide is known by her, the blame is turned towards her by her mother-in-law. However, this does not stop her from being loyal to her husband as she stayed widowed and to the quarrel to raise her children and show her devotedness to her husband. Throughout the film we see that she still supports her husband when people including her daughter talk negatively about him. Here she is also in the struggle of raising her children up on her own and sacrifices all she has to raise them and keep them happy. In both Kal Ho Na Ho and Mother India the role of the mother can be seen to be dedicated with the qualities of self sacrifice, devotion, and religious beliefs.If not seen as a traditional woman with traditional values, in Hindi films the female is then portrayed as the vamp or modernized women. Bollywood shows both the traditional and modernity of females, yet tends to portray the modern as immoral and favour the traditional aspects. The vamp is usually portrayed as morally dishonoured person and associated with everything that is disagreeable about the west7. Again this is due to the norms and values seen in the Indian society. In this case women are seen as decorat ive objects and used for entertainment. Courtesan is another common role played by women which is attended for an arousing result upon men. These types of roles are usually associated with protagonist character. The female is seen modern and revealing clothes and becomes an object of male desire. In many films with picturization of this role of female is usually seen to be glamorous and captures the females beauty in a sensual manner. An example of this is seen in the movie Sholay directed by RameshSippy in the song Mehbooba Mehbooba. Here the female professional dancer appears very divers(prenominal) from the other female lead roles. She is there for entertainment and to add glamour. Her clothes are revealing and she is used for the pleasure of the antagonist. A similar but slightly different scene is also seen in Kal Ho Na Ho with the song Its the time to disco. The difference in this song is that the lead female is in the song but is portrayed with a different characteristic th at is not the usual in her role. Here Naina (Preity Zinta) is raised in New York but is a casual girl. In this particular scene the audience sees that her attire is modernized, but not revealing. However, in the song a different purview of her is seen when she gets drunk. Her clothes become more revealing and her actions are different. This is intended to show how a female may act when they go outside of their boundaries of the Indian society and the consequence of it. Jaswinder (Lilette Dubby) in the movie is would be seen as the vamp in the movie as her clothes are trendy and she is flirty around men. Not only are women who arent seen in traditional clothes seen as vamps, but also those who dont obey traditional rules. These would include those who are adventurous, independent and have values different from the norms. Thus, women commonly in Hindi films are either the modernized seductive role or the sophisticated tradition Indian women.There are many women in the Bombay film ind ustry. Many have reacted with different opinions on how females are being portrayed. For example quoted from Ayesha Jhulka, an actress You have to coincide the fact that its a male-dominated industry. And you have to accept that basically heroes are given much more importance than the heroineSo its better to accept it and then carry on. You have your own place which nobody else can take. What you can do, the heroes probably cant do8. Another opinion quoted by the actress Shabana Azmi The one thing that hasnt changed only superficially I think, is in its portrayal of womenI think its a waste if you dont offer them and give them roles that are on par with their heroI think that would be very interesting, and basically do films that are pro-women8. Lastly. Actress Ritha Bhaduri states At the moment I think character roles have more to say than the female heroine, actressThere are very few films that are women-oriented, or have a women dominating the whole thing8. From these opinions o f several actresses it can be concluded that many actresses are aware of the stereotypical roles given to women in Hindi films. They do feel that there isnt much importance given to their roles, but also know that a film without a complementing female role would not do very well in the box office. Even though the roles of females are driven by the aspects in the Indian society, actresses have continued to accept the roles and play them according. As stated previously the main cause for this orientation is due to what takes place in the society. As the Indian society makes different progression a change in female roles in Hindi films will also be seen.In conclusion, the female roles played in Hindi film are very restricted and do not have space for variety. Either they are seen as objects to add glamour and entertainment to the film or they are portrayed with important roles such as mothers but with general Indian societal values that come with that role. The Indian society has a mai n clashing on the portrayal of women in Indian cinema. The Indian society has been shaping the role of women in Hindi filmsEndnotes1 Boot, Gregory D. Making a Woman from a Tawaif Courtesans as Heros in Hinidi Cinema. New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies, 2007 3 (http//www.nzasia.org).2 James Heiztman, Robert L.Worden. India Country Studies. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data, 1995 235.3 Class lecture (Vishwanathan 2010)4 Pattanayak, Saswat. Women journalists in Hindi Filmshttp//saswat.com/articles/bollywomen.htm.5 Chap. 5 Indian ordinary Cinema A Narrative of Cultural Change, by Wimal Dissanayake K. Moti Gokulsing, 79. Trentham Books, 2004.6 Chap. 6 Indian Popular Cinema A Narrative of Cultural Change, by Wimal Dissanayake K. Moti Gokulsing, 39-44. Trentham Books, 2004.7 Wimal Dissanayake.79.20048 In Bollywood a guide book to popular Hindi cinema , by Tejaswini Ganti. 187-192 Routledge

Comparison of theories on death and grief

Comparison of theories on shoemakers last and griefDeath post be defined as the indis institutionaliseable biological stamp out of life. In order to study and under(a)stand this phenomenon, one has to delve into the human perception of it. Woody Allen erstwhile tell I dont mind dying, I just dont want to be there when it happens. The experience of such a loss, especi tout ensembley within a meeting of hatful as dependent of one another as is the family, is often the cause of grief for the bereaved single(a)s. The perception of death, nevertheless, seems to differ from culture to culture, as do the rituals encompassing the coping of the family (Kart, and Kinney, 2001).Zoroastrianism, one of the oldest religions to pee ever existed, was characterised by its belief in one God, as sanitary as the need for reservation of the artlessness of the elements. Death for the Zoroastrians meant a reuniting of the soul with its guardian and protector, fravashi. The dead were kept in th e Tower of Silence, tradition everyy, to be purified by nature. Life and death were thereof not a beginning and an end but parts of a greater hoop of life. East to these Persian grounds survives up-to-day Hinduism, Indias main religion. Hinduism stands for the indestructibility of the soul and hence its cycle from endure to death, before it is reborn. Death again is not regarded as the end, but merely as a stage within a greater loop of meaning. Here, however, cremation is obligatory, negative some exceptions (Garces-Foley, 2005).Japanese rituals differ in the fact that a bigger part of the community is involved, than the family, mainly collectible to their collectivistic culture (Kart, and Kinney, 2001). after death, a bedside service is performed where the family is consoled and bathing of the dead corpse occurs. This is thought to enable the spirit to move on to the next world. The western culture on the contrary, flows to dissociate the documentation from the dead by allo wing as little inter act and exposure to death as possible. A complete stranger is assigned the organising of the funeral, while the hospital cargons for the body itself. During the funeral, mourners are to show as little grief as possible in public. Still, the impact of social class is evident here, since the amount of affliction verbalised by the family depends on their social and educational background. (Kart, and Kinney, 2001) .It be pass offs evident from the above, that a promise to afterlife and the perpetuation of some part of the current existence (soul, body, chemicals, etc) as well as the idea of a better place, was and still is intending to help the family proceed with their free-and-easy lives after the bereavement and grief. Apart from religious components, the difference between cultures major power also demonstrate different attempts of people to cope with the grief of death.Death keep be viewed from a multitude of different standpoints, which contribute to the management and face of mourning from the family and family members. This makes generalisation of behaviours towards grief hard, if not impossible (Bates et al., 1993).The philosophical approach to death and bereavement suggests the existence of two types of death good and bad death. For the family, the eminence of these two, rattling vague notions, depends on the conditions with which the dying person dies. According to Grosz (2003), the dying person must have his/her pain controlled by the dole outment, as far as possible. Other conditions for a good death include the ability of the patient to make conscious decisions of his/her own for the treatment, as well as be handled as an individual, bound with experiences from life, and not as an anonymous patient. Moreover, the dying person must have come to terms with his/her disease and manage any(prenominal) unfinished conflicts such as family, busyness or personal affairs. If these conditions are met, then the semblance of a good death could be acquired, thus permitting the surviving members to access their everyday lives faster and healthier, having dealt with the coping of the bereavement faster and more successfully than if a bad death had occurred.2. Definitions of Bereavement, Grief and CopingBereavement is the condition the family and/or individual are involved with, after the death of an important person (Stroebe et al., 2008). This deprivation is solo probably to cause grief, the natural response to a loss. Grief can be defined as the internal manifestation of the strong emotions, raised from bereavement (Stroebe et al., 2008). It is often used interchangeably with the term mourning, which is though the external dealings with grief. That is to say, mourning is the exhibition of grief in public, which dismantletually leads to the addressing and dealing with the latter state (Stroebe et al., 2008). Because the line between grief and mourning is this slim, the two have come to be used as umbrella te rms (Grosz, 2003). Coping is the demanding task of adapting oneself psychosocially, to challenging, threatening and/or harmful circumstances (Moshe, 1996). The stress is managed or even eliminated under behavioural and cognitive endeavours (Lazarus, and Folkman, 1984 Moos, and Schaefer, 1993).Some people though have been observed to have difficulties in reintegrating themselves within their older daily routines or in pertaining to traffic with other persons. Maladaptive coping can hinder the recovery rate of the family and/or individuals, giving rise to feelings of loneliness, depression, hallucinations and even health problems related to stress, as is the ab pain and breathing difficulties (Parkes, 1972). People who have suffered bereavement very unexpectedly, or experienced it under shocking conditions, like suicide and homicide, are the ones close to likely to acquire maladaptive coping (Grosz, 2003).How individuals cope with bereavement, grief and mourning, depends on a numbe r of factors. Firstly, as it has already been mentioned, spiritual and religious beliefs or practices and culture of the person, tend to affect their way of viewing death, thus promoting a number of different coping methods, which are to be investigated later on. Again, the way death was experienced as well as the bonding the person had with their important one, before death, seems to also affect the coping. The more dependent the person was to the deceased, the harder it is to let go (Grosz, 2003). Finally, the family itself is a factor pivotal to the dealing with the death of the important one, especially when it comes to children and young adults. If the family is open and caring towards each of its members and is ready to share the pain and experiences, then the whole serve of dealing with the death of the deceased is greatly facilitated and rapidly overcome (Walsh, and McGoldrick, 2004). All the above factors are, nevertheless, influenced by the very personality of the mourner , which at the end of the day is the most important of all factors.Stemming from the aforementioned considerations, related to the impact of ones death on his/her environment, the ultimate aim of this essay is to investigate how people cope with the death of a family member. Further, a number of relevant theoretical points have been introduced for the better understanding of the issue, along with empirical evidence.3. Stage Theories of GriefI. The Five Stages of Death (DABDA)Back in 1969, top thanatologist Kbler-Ross influenced the viewpoint of medical and health psychology, as she sensitised the world public opinion on terminally ill patients and their treatment, in her view as On Death and Dying. There, she describes the five stages of grief people undergo while in loss of their important ones. It is of utmost importance as she has underscored many a times herself, to understand that not all people are the same or experience the five stages in the same sequence, for the same amou nt of time, or even confront some at all. As she supports, it all depends on the individual and their environment. The stages were firstly thought to only apply to the patients, but later, their application was broadened to any type of loss as is the font of a divorce, loss of occupation, death of a family member.Denial is considered to be the first of the five stages put forward by Kbler-Ross (1969). She initially correlated this phenomenon to a number of factors influencing the patient, and in our case, the family. She considered the fact that the way one is told of the irreversibility of the terminal disease, along with the pre-existing experiences with the dying person and dependence on him/her, affects somehow the extend to which one is involved with the particular stage. However, though she suggested that everyone did go by dint of this stage at some point, she only noted a very few cases that had kept the denial barrier up until death. Often, the individuals grew more and more confident of the idea of dying.Anger is the stage thought to follow denial, even if no real pattern can be identified for all individuals as of the sequence of stages, progression and management. Strong emotions as rage and fury, are said to overwhelm the person who displaces this anger to all directions. This, is what makes this stage the most difficult to be dealt with since ire erupts almost at random. To Kbler-Ross (1969), this stage is again something everyone does go through sometime in their grieving period.Bargaining, although not quite as famous as the rest of the stages, is thought to be of significant importance to the mourning family. At this point, the person would crave for an amendment of the situation or for the time to go back to when ignorance of the event prevailed. Experiencing the death of an important one is often very painful, disrupting the familiar life of the family. This is enough reason for one to be wishing to go back to what they used to consider normal, before the knowledge of death. Bargaining, the asking of a prefer in return for another, could be targeting the very self of the person, or even God, the doctors, or chaplain. These favours are often kept confidential, concealing quite often, unexpressed guilt.After the family has dealt with the new burden of knowledge and emotional awareness of the death and loss of a family member, depression may be often observed. Along with the person, plagued by his/her disease, the family suffers as well. The emotional burden to bear is huge and frequently fights between the members of the family arise. However, this is only a tip of the familys problems. Funding the treatment of the dying person is quite the times, trustworthy for the loss of ability to purchase items and needs that were previously thought commonplace. The tension and depression could grow more rapidly from the absence of the dying person, in case the family was dependent on his/her role before the knowledge of the terminal disease. Such could be the case of a money-making husband/wife or mother/ yield to children.Acceptance is the last stage to come, according to Kbler-Ross (1969), and unlike the common belief, it is a stage of no happy emotion. As a matter of fact, it is a stage of no emotions whatsoever, but looks more alike a giving up to the inevitability of the situation, weakened and unable to fight it any longer. The family has gone through many hardships and still does, due to their dying important one. However, at a point, the family understands that they cannot affect the situation or death itself, leaving any type of action to the doctors. After acceptance has been reached, re-assimilation to everyday life begins.Kbler-Ross (1969) stage conjecture has been formulated via many interviews and case studies on terminally ill patients, which were later mouth to the whole of losses. The sampling she used was relatively limited to the USA, and particularly Chicago, Illinois where she fi rst began. Empirical evidence has demonstrated that this stage theory if partially accurate. The study by Maciejewski et al. (2007) studied 233 bereaved people living in the state of Connecticut, USA and for three years. The results added to the psychology of death, elucidating the five stages of grief. People initially demonstrated disbelief, which had been regarded as kindred to the stage of Denial, towards the new information. Disbelief diminished gradually, until it disappeared one month post loss. Yearning was the second stage to be identified as it reached a zenith upon the one-fourth month post loss, and was characterised by the urge of the individual for the bereaved family member. Anger, the ensuing stage, reached a climax of its own five moths post loss and contained the violent emotions of the individual, displaced toward all directions, as the stage theory suggests. Six months post loss were characterised by depression, which was finally followed by acceptance a proces s which has escalated from the initial apprehension of bereavement, 24 months post loss. This evidence agrees with Kbler-Ross (1969) and her stage theory, to some extent. The same pattern of organising the mourning of a bereaved in stages is followed, and even some of them are very much alike the stage theorys ones. Disbelief and anger could be running parallel to denial and anger. Nonetheless, the theory and study class one another, on the background of grief display. While Kbler-Ross (1969) seems to position Denial as a first illustrator of grief, the results of Maciejewski et al. (2007), propose Yearning to be the main indication of grief from the first month of loss to the twenty-fourth. Moreover, Acceptance is not thought to be an end-stage, but one which develops throughout the mourning period and reaches a peak at the end of it.The theory of the five stages of death has been overly criticised based on two major areas of clash. Firstly, the theory is said to be solidly based on Kbler-Ross personal experiencing of terminal diseases, bereavement and coping. Since 1969, no further evidence other than the interviews has been put forward to fully explain the existence of the five stages of grief as well as their development. While it is a fact that due to the nature of the subject, empirical evidence is hard to obtain, studies as Maciejewski et al.s (2007) does not portray or nurture any validity or reliability of the theory. Friedman and James (2008) go as far as saying that the stages are more of a misconception of the public and media, who have come to relentlessly utilise the stages of death, than they can be considered a theory. The interviews and case studies Kbler-Ross (1969) puts forward as evidence of the existence of stages, are thought to be too biased from her own assumptions and expectations, to be considered as support to the theory. Nevertheless, it is important to take them into consideration, since they are among the few ways of studying th is particular topic of death and dying, without breaking the ethical code. What could be a limitation to her research though would be the small sampling she used, of people in the USA, thus making generalisations only available to similar cases and not for example, people of collectivistic cultures.Secondly, Kbler-Ross (1969) theory has been criticised of being very broad with its description of stages. Due to her saying that not all five stages have to be completed in any particular order, or duration while mourning, the theory has been criticised of being too vague. Stages are suppositional to be having a beginning and an end, a duration, and be characteristic to all individuals from at least a group of similar individuals i.e. dying patients and their families. Since the above conditions are not met, they cannot be considered stages. Additionally, the use of the term stages is said to cause more harm than good due to the misconception of time. Once one refers to stages, time is involved and people in mourning are likely to stay inactive, waiting for the symptoms of the stage to allay. This can of course give rise to more complex psychological traumas and thus harm the individual (Friedman, and James, 2008). When it comes to stages as Depression, the fluidity of the stages of death can be fully seen, due to the free use of the term. That is to say, depression is more of a psychiatric diagnosis of illness rather than sadness or any other such emotion. When is the person considered to be sad and when depressed? Subsequently, how to diagnose depression and treat it when it is imposed as a natural stage in the theory of mourning?Due to the nature of the subject, not much empirical evidence can be gathered for either fully supporting Kbler-Ross (1969) theory or proving it inefficient and harmful. All evidence is partially anecdotal and coloured by the researchers interpretations, as was Kbler-Ross interviews or Friedman and James (2008).II. Alternative Explanati on to GriefAn alternative theoretical approach to grief due to the death of a family member, is Bowlbys theory of grief (1961), where the psychophysiological components are greatly considered. Here, four main stages are to be considered. Numbness to protest is the first of the stages and consists of the confusion and breakdown of the bereavement paired with the psychological and physical dejection, where elevated blood pressure and heart rate might occur. This seems to be the first reaction to the new lifestyle imposed on the family members due to the loss of the important one, and need to get acquainted with the new life. Bowlby has studied the reactions of the body to the stress and strain of bereavement, only to find they match the stages he has put forward. Such indications include abdominal pain, hallucinations, etc.Alike the indicators put forward from the study of Maciejewski et al. (2007), yearning is identified as the crave to be closer to the deceased, whether that be with the help of inanimate objects, people or even places that trigger memories of the past live with the person. When this second stage is overcome as well, the third of disorganisation and hopelessness arises.

Bismark Essay -- essays research papers

II. Summary1)The book I have reviewed, capital of North Dakota, is a complex look at the life of theGerman legend, and is certainly mean for historians not unlike the author himself. Palmer does not exclude any part of the mans life even dwelling into his childishness and adolescence. His attention to details is very apparent, even to his ingest admission, using public and private letters written by capital of North Dakota himself. This book is not intended for a student looking for a little more information on the subject, nor the minimal information needed to satisfy the general public. The book was obviously written by someone who greatly admired capital of North Dakota, and spared no expense in musical composition as much as he could about him.2) Otto forefront Bismarck was born April 1st 1815, son of mother Wilhelmine von Bismarck, and father Ferdinand, a Prussian landowner. He studied at Gottingen and Berlin, and after holding minor administrative offices he was elected t o the Prussian Landtag in 1847. While in the Landtag, he advocated the unification of Germany under the aegis of Prussia, and was opposed to the liberal movements. He gained the bunk of ambassador to St. Petersburg, in 1859, and soon after became the ambassador to Paris in 1862. There he would gain much insight and experience that would determine his future policies. Bismarck was appointed premier by the King of Prussia, William I, in the kings effort to secure his military program, which was strongly opposed by the parliament. With his new position Bismarck ultimately, instigated the Austro-Prussian War, as well as the Franco-Prussian War, in order to rid the German Confederation, and fully unify Germany. A struggle for power ensued between Bismarck and William II, which finished with Bismarcks dismissal and finally his retirement.III. Analysis1) The author of this book, Alan Palmer, is a reliable historian educated at Oxford University. He is an expert in European History and eve n headed the History Department in Highgate School. He left his post of sixteen years to concentrate on historical writing and research. He went on to publish eighteen books on numerous leaders and empires of Europe. His work includes, Napoleon in Russia, Alexander I Tsar of War and Peace, The decay and Fall of the Ottoman Empire and many more.2)&n... ...eveled in it. His credentials were well established having graduated from Oxford and writing many other books based on the homogeneous period of time in Europe.The book was written very straightforward, and did not zig zag from different periods of time, but instead stayed in a chronological order, which helped the book flow easily from one event to the other. The book also stayed on topic, never straying off the topic of Bismarck, and remaining a biography, sort of than a history book. Bismarcks nature and personality were shown through examples such as letters, articles and speeches. The author also stayed true to his word, an d did not force his own opinions or interests into the book. The author left it up to facts to prove his own feelings, and did not mettle with history in order to preserve his own feelings. He showed Bismarck as a great, but not perfect man. In closing, I would recommend this book to anyone with a strong interest in Germany, and someone who treasured to know more about the man who helped create it.BismarkCopyright 1976 by Alan PalmerCopyright under the Berne ConventionCharles Scribners Sons, New York

Not All Access is Created Equal Essay -- Definition Technology Essays

Not All Access is Created Equal Access n. 1) the ability, right or allowance to approach, enter, speak with or use admittance 2) the state or quality of being approachable 3) a ways or means of approach v. 9) to come upon contact with or gain access to to be able to reach, approach, enter 10) Computers. to locate (data) for transfer from one part of a computer system to another, largely between an external storage device and main storage Random House Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd Edition Unabridged Language is a continuum. New intelligence operations enter any given language upon contact with other cultures. Language is not static. It expands and contracts to allow or disallow change. The above excerpted definitions ar reflective of what access can mean when this second edition of the dictionary was published in 1987. The first edition published in 1966 did not acknowledge the definition designated in number ten dealing with the technology arising in our comput er age. Even that 1987 definition of computer access is outdated. However, we can derive from the precede explanations a comfortable basis for determining what access means to computing technology in schools, the workplace and at home. Access, to those of us who use computers, means that we nominate a tool making communication and work tasks easier. Access, by implication, means to many of us that anyone has the ability to acquire the same information or behave the same tasks based on the availability of computers within a school or workplace or home. Accepting this notion is of course absurd. Not besides does the definition of a word change, but the environment in which it exists is also in flux. Access does not ever the mean the desired object is avai... ...l in the hands of the educators. We become adept at manipulating the materials and the technology we have on hand to create the most productive and stimulating and thought-provoking exercises possible. We can lam ent our lack of access or simply use the technology we have. But I contend that access still has its ups and downs. Sometimes because information links and word processing are so accessible we become desensitized to the personal and emotional act of communication. We have traded hands-on-experiences for virtual reality handwritten letters for abbreviated emails summertime games of kick the can for solitaire on a green screen. The world has shrunk because of technological advances so that we know more about cultures around the globe succession at the same time we have surrounded ourselves with machines that help us maintain personal distance and anonymity.